C. Wright Mills

Charles Wright Mills (August 28, 1916 – March 20, 1962) was an American sociologist, and a professor of sociology at Columbia University from 1946 until his death in 1962. Mills published widely in both popular and intellectual journals, and is remembered for several books, such as The Power Elite, White Collar: The American Middle Classes, and The Sociological Imagination. Mills was concerned with the responsibilities of intellectuals in post–World War II society, and he advocated public and political engagement over disinterested observation. One of Mills's biographers, Daniel Geary, writes that Mills's writings had a "particularly significant impact on New Left social movements of the 1960s era." It was Mills who popularized the term New Left in the US in a 1960 open letter, "Letter to the New Left."

Richard Sennett

Richard Sennett is the Centennial Professor of Sociology at the London School of Economics and former University Professor of the Humanities at New York University. He is currently a Senior Fellow of the Center on Capitalism and Society at Columbia University. Sennett has studied social ties in cities, and the effects of urban living on individuals in the modern world.

He has been a Fellow of The Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and of the Royal Society of Literature. He is the founding director of the New York Institute for the Humanities.

Sennett grew up in the Cabrini Green housing project in Chicago, to a Jewish family of Russian emigres. As a child he trained in music, studying the cello and conducting, working with Claus Adam of the Juilliard String Quartet and the conductor Pierre Monteux. When a hand injury put an end to his musical career, he entered academia. He studied under David Riesman, Erik Erikson, and Oscar Handlin at Harvard, graduating with his Ph.D. in the History of American Civilization in 1969. His intellectual life as an urbanist came into focus during the time he spent as a fellow of the Joint Center for Urban Studies of Harvard and MIT.

Sennett's scholarly writing centers on the development of cities, the nature of work in modern society, and the sociology of culture. Families Against the City, his earliest book, examines the relationship between family and work in 19th-century Chicago. A subsequent quartet of books explores urban life more largely: The Uses of Disorder, an essay on identity formation in cities; The Fall of Public Man, a history of public culture and public space, particularly in London, Paris, and New York in the 18th and 19th Centuries; The Conscience of the Eye, a study of how Renaissance urban design passed into modern city planning, and Flesh and Stone, an overview of the design of cities from ancient to modern times.

Another quartet of books is devoted to labor. The Hidden Injuries of Class is a study of class consciousness among working-class families in Boston; The Corrosion of Character explores how new forms of work are changing our communal and personal experience; Respect probes the relation of work and reforms of the welfare system; and The Culture of the New Capitalism provides an overview of these changes. Authority is an essay in political theory; it addresses the tools of interpretation by which we recast raw power into either legitimate or illegitimate authority.

Sennett is working on a project called 'Homo Faber,' exploring material ways of making culture. The first book in this series is The Craftsman, published in 2008; subsequent volumes are Together: The Rituals, Pleasures, and Politics of Cooperation, published in 2012, and Building and Dwelling: Ethics for the City (2018) on the making of the urban environment.

In the public realm, Sennett founded, and directed for a decade, the New York Institute of the Humanities at New York University. Sennett then chaired a United Nations commission on urban development and design. As president of the American Council on Work, Sennett led a forum, sponsored by the Rockefeller Foundation, for researchers trying to understand the changing pattern of American labor. Most recently he helped create, and has chaired, the LSE Cities Programme at the London School of Economics. The Urban Age project also emerged as a product of the research and ideas by Sennett and others at LSE Cities. In 2006, he served as Chair of the jury of the Venice Biennale.

Sennett has been married to sociologist Saskia Sassen since 1987.

Tom Burns

Tom Burns was an English sociologist, author and founder of the Sociology department at Edinburgh University.

Burns was born on January 16, 1913 in Bethnal Green, East London. He attended Hague Street LCC elementary school and Parmiter's foundation school before reading English Literature at Bristol University.

A Fellow of the British Academy, Tom Burns was Professor of Sociology at Edinburgh University from 1965 to 1981, and also taught at Harvard and Columbia.

He is best known for his studies of the organization of the BBC, local government, the electronics industry and the National Health Service. He also wrote on his experiences as a non-combatant prisoner of war in Germany during the Second World War.

His early interests were in urban sociology, and he worked with the West Midland Group on Post-War Reconstruction and Planning. While he was at Edinburgh his particular concern was with studies of different types of organization and their effects on communication patterns and on the activities of managers. He has also explored the relevance of different forms of organization to changing conditions - especially to the impact of technical innovation.

In collaboration with psychologist George Macpherson Stalker, Burns has studied the attempt to introduce electronics development work into traditional Scottish firms, with a view to their entering this modern and rapidly expanding industry as the markets for their own well-established products diminished. This resulted in the 1961 book, "The Management of Innovation."

He created a term mechanistic organization- and organismic (also called organic organization) organization.

He expressed his approach to research and expressed in the preface to the second edition of The Management of Innovation: "by perceiving behaviour as a medium of constant interplay and mutual redefinition of individual identities and social institutions...it is possible to begin to grasp the nature of changes, developments and historical processes through which we move and which we help to create." In 1964, he founded the Sociology department at University of Edinburgh.

The 1978 book "The Development of the Modern State: A Sociological Introduction" by Gianfranco Poggi is dedicated to Tom Burns. He retired from the University of Edinburgh in 1981.

First published in 1961, The Management of Innovation remains one of the most influential books of organization theory and industrial sociology. The central theme of the book is the relationship between an organization and its environment - particularly technological and market innovations. The book presents the authors' classifications of "mechanistic" and "organic" systems. For this it became famous, but the book is also a penetrating study of social systems within organizations and organizational dynamics.

In reviews of the book, ESRC News called it "one of the most influential books of organisation theory and industrial sociology ever written"; Christopher Lorenz at The Financial times noted "Written in refreshingly plain English, it is a riveting read and brims with insight after insight."

In 1977, he published The BBC: Public Institution and Private World. John Eldridge in the Independent observed "...The original work for this was done in 1963. To his surprise, an experience he described as "utterly mystifying", the BBC refused to allow him to publish. But in 1972 the decision was changed. Burns used the opportunity to bring the study up to date and show how administrative changes were impinging on concepts of work, public service and commitment to the BBC. It is a book full of thoughtful analysis and sharp insights."

The last work he published during his lifetime in 1991 was an intellectual biography of Erving Goffman. Following his retirement from academic life in 1981, he worked on a comparative history of organization entitled Organisation and Social Order until his death.

He died on June 20, 2001.

Peter Glob

Peter Vilhelm Glob was a Danish archaeologist.

Glob was most noted for his investigations of Denmark's bog bodies such as the Tollund Man and Grauballe Man, mummified remains of Iron and Bronze Age people found preserved within peat bogs. His anthropological works include The Bog People: Iron Age Man Preserved, Denmark: An Archaeological History from the Stone Age to the Vikings, and Mound People: Danish Bronze-Age Man Preserved.

Peter Glob was born on February 20, 1911 at Kalundborg on the Danish island of Zealand, the son of the Danish painter Johannes Glob (1882–1955). He later married to Harriet Roepstorff and they had five children, including the ceramic artist Lotte Glob. 

Glob was a student of archeology at the University of Copenhagen. He published his dissertation and was awarded his PhD in 1944. He worked for the National Museum of Denmark from 1937 to 1949, then as a professor at Aarhus University from 1949 until 1960, and then as Director General of Museums and Antiquities for the state of Denmark (Riksantikvaren) from 1960 to 1981. He was co-founder of the Scandinavian Institute of Comparative Vandalism, an institution which studied the history of graffiti. His most famous investigation was that of the Tollund Man.

Glob was also heavily engaged in archaeology of the Middle East and led several scientific expeditions there. In the 1950s he discovered and excavated the ruins of the ancient Dilmun civilization on the island country of Bahrain. In 1954 he and his team uncovered the Barbar Temple, considered to be part of the Dilmun culture.

He died at Djursland on July 20, 1985.

Sir Max Mallowan

Sir Max Edgar Lucien Mallowan was a prominent British archaeologist, specialising in ancient Middle Eastern history. He was the second husband of Dame Agatha Christie.

Born Edgar Mallowan in Wandsworth on 6 May 1904, he was the son of Frederick Mallowan and his wife Marguerite (née Duvivier), whose mother was mezzo-soprano Marthe Duvivier. His father's family was from Austria. He was educated at Rokeby School and Lancing College (where he was a contemporary of Evelyn Waugh) and studied classics at New College, Oxford.

He first worked as an apprentice to Leonard Woolley at the archaeological site of Ur (1925–1930), which was thought to be the capital of Mesopotamian civilization. It was at the Ur site, in 1930, that he first met Agatha Christie, the famous author, whom he married the same year. In 1932, after a short time working at Nineveh with Reginald Campbell Thompson, Mallowan became a field director for a series of expeditions jointly run by the British Museum and the British School of Archaeology in Iraq. His excavations included the prehistoric village at Tell Arpachiyah, and the sites at Chagar Bazar and Tell Brak in the Upper Khabur area (Syria). He was also the first to excavate archaeological sites in the Balikh Valley, to the west of the Khabur basin.

Following the outbreak of the Second World War he served with the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve in North Africa, being based for part of 1943 at the ancient city of Sabratha in Libya. He was commissioned as a pilot officer on probation in the Administrative and Special Duties Branch on 11 February 1941, promoted flying officer on 18 August 1941, flight lieutenant on 1 April 1943 and at some point he also held the rank of wing commander. He resigned his commission on 10 February 1954, but was permitted to retain that rank in retirement.

After the war, in 1947, he was appointed Professor of Western Asiatic Archaeology at the University of London, a position which he held until elected a fellow of All Souls College, Oxford in 1962. In 1947, he also became director of the British School of Archaeology in Iraq (1947–1961) and directed the resumption of its work at Nimrud (previously excavated by A. H. Layard), which he published in Nimrud and its Remains (2 volumes, 1966). Mallowan gave an account of his work in Twenty-five Years of Mesopotamian Discovery (1956) and his wife Agatha Christie described his work in Syria in Come, Tell Me How You Live (1946).

Max's first wife, Lady Mallowan, known to millions as Agatha Christie, died in 1976; the following year, Mallowan married Barbara Hastings Parker, an archaeologist, who had been his epigraphist at Nimrud and Secretary of the British School of Archaeology in Iraq.

Mallowan was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1960 Queen's Birthday Honours, and knighted in 1968. He gave the 1969 Albert Reckitt Archaeological Lecture. He and Dame Agatha Christie were among a number of married couples each of whom held knightly honours in their own right.

He died on 19 August 1978, aged 74, at Greenway House in Devon.

Carl Blegen

Carl William Blegen was an American archaeologist who worked at the site of Pylos in Greece and Troy in modern-day Turkey. He directed the University of Cincinnati excavations of the mound of Hisarlik, the site of Troy, from 1932 to 1938.

Blegen was born on January 27, 1887 in Minneapolis, Minnesota, the eldest of six children born to Anna Regine (1854–1925) and John H. Blegen (1851–1928), both of whom had emigrated from Lillehammer, Norway. His younger brother was noted historian Theodore C. Blegen. His father was a professor at Augsburg College in Minneapolis for more than 30 years and played a major role in the Norwegian Lutheran Church in America. Blegen earned his bachelor's degree from the University of Minnesota in 1904 and started graduate studies at Yale University in 1907.

In Greece, he was a fellow at the American School of Classical Studies at Athens (1911–1913), during which time he worked on excavations at Locris, Corinth and Korakou. During World War I Blegen was involved with relief work in Bulgaria and Macedonia, receiving the Saviors Order from Greece in 1919. After the war he completed his Ph.D. at Yale (1920). He was then assistant director of the American School (1920–26); during his tenure he excavated at Zygouries, Phlius, Prosymna, and Hymettos. In 1927, Blegen joined the faculty of the University of Cincinnati. Blegen was professor of classical archaeology at the University of Cincinnati from 1927 to 1957. His excavations at Troy were performed between 1932 and 1938, followed by those at the Palace of Nestor in Pylos, Greece in 1939 (the dig resumed 1952–1966). Many of the finds from this excavation are housed in the Archaeological Museum of Chora. Blegen retired in 1957.

He received honorary degrees from the University of Oslo and the University of Thessaloniki in 1951; an honorary D.Litt. from the University of Oxford in 1957 and an honorary LL.D. from the University of Cincinnati in 1958. Further honorary degrees came in 1963: Litt.D. from Cambridge, and others from the University of Athens, Hebrew Union College, Jewish Institute of Religion in Jerusalem. In 1965 Blegen became the first recipient of the Archaeological Institute of America's Gold Medal for archaeological achievement.

The Carl Blegen Library is located on the campus of the University of Cincinnati. The library has curated an exhibit named Discovering Carl Blegen which includes images from Blegen's major campaigns in Troy and Pylos as well as his work and life at UC and abroad. Blegen Library at the American School of Classical Studies at Athens is named also after Carl Blegen. Blegen Hall on the University of Minnesota Twin City Campus is named for his brother Theodore C. Blegen.

In 1923, Blegen proposed marriage to Elizabeth Denny Pierce (1888–1966), whom he had met in the American School of Classical Studies in Athens; Pierce initially accepted but then ended the engagement as she did not wish to end her long-term relationship with Ida Thallon. A plan was formed by Blegen, Pierce, and Bert Hodge Hill (who seems to have had unreciprocated romantic feelings for Blegen) that Hodge Hill and Thallon would marry at the same time as Pierce and Blegen, and the four would live together; Thallon agreed on condition that she and Pierce would continue to travel and spend time together away from their husbands, and the two couples married and lodged together in Athens, Greece in 1924, in a relationship which they referred to as "the Family", "the quartet", and "the Pro Par" (short for "Professional Partnership").

Carl Blegen, a widower since his wife's death in 1966, died in Athens, Greece on August 24, 1971 at the age of 84. 

Sheppard Frere

Sheppard Sunderland Frere was a British historian and archaeologist who studied the Roman Empire. He was a fellow at All Souls College, Oxford.

The son of Noel Gray Frere, of the Colonial Service, and his wife Agnes (née Sutherland), Sheppard "Sam" Frere was born in 1916. He was educated at Lancing College and Magdalene College, Cambridge. He was a master at Epsom College from 1938–41, and became classics master and housemaster at Lancing College from 1945 to 1954, when he was in charge of the excavations at Canterbury during his summer vacations. He made a number of broadcasts about his work at that time. He left Lancing in 1954 to become a university lecturer in archaeology at the University of Manchester. His family details and dates are given under the family of 'Frere' in Burke's Landed Gentry for 1969. For three seasons early in the 1970s, he was in charge of the archaeological summer school that excavated the Roman fort at Strageath, near Crieff, in Perthshire.

Between 1955 and 1961 he excavated at Verulamium. He then became Professor of the Archaeology of the Roman Provinces at the University of London from 1961 to 1966 before becoming Professor of the Archaeology of the Roman Empire at Oxford University, where his communicative lectures at the Archaeological Institute, almost always illustrated with visual tools, on Iron Age and Roman Britain and the Rhine frontier of the Roman Empire were well attended. He was married in 1961 to Janet, daughter of Edward Graham Hoare, and had two children, Sarah Barbara Ruth (born 1962) and Bartle Henry David Hoare (born 1963). He was a 4th cousin of paleontologist Mary Leakey and shared with her the same descent from the pioneering discoverer of Old Stone Age John Frere.

Frere was elected as a Fellow of the British Academy in 1971, and became a CBE in 1976. He became an Honorary Corresponding Member of the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut in 1964, and a fellow in 1967.

He died in 2015, aged 98.

A. Mark Pollard

Alan Mark Pollard is a British archaeological scientist, who has been the Edward Hall Professor of Archaeological Science at the University of Oxford since 2005. He is director of the Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, a Member of the Royal Society of Chemistry, a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries and a Member of the Oriental Ceramic Society. He has significantly contributed to many areas of archaeological science, most notably materials analysis, with hundreds of well-cited papers.

In 2018 he was awarded the Pomerance Medal for scientific contributions to archaeology by the Archaeological Institute of America.

He has co-authored several key textbooks on archaeological science: Archaeological Chemistry (now in 3rd edition), Handbook of Archaeological Science, and Analytical Chemistry in Archaeology.

Pollard is a Fellow of Linacre College and has been the vice-principal since October 2020.

Pollard was born in Takapuna, New Zealand, on 5 July 1954 to Alan and Elizabeth Pollard, but emigrated to England at an early age. He completed his BA and PhD degrees at the University of York in the Department of Physics; however, his dissertation was already focusing on archaeological material. Awarded in 1979, it was entitled X-ray fluorescence and surface studies of glass, with application to the durability of mediaeval window glass and used the case study of the glass from York Minster to assess both the analytical problems of surface analysis on vitreous materials, as well as what factors affected their durability.

In 1993, he married fellow archaeologist, Rebecca Nicholson, and the couple have two daughters.

Immediately upon completing his doctorate in 1978, Pollard was appointed by Edward Thomas Hall as an analytical research officer at the Research Laboratory for the History of Art (RLAHA), where he remained until 1984. After this, he took up the appointment of 'New Blood' Lecturer in Chemistry and Archaeology, within the Schools of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, at Cardiff University. In 1988, he was appointed UK national co-ordinator for science-based archaeology, a post supported by SERC, English Heritage (Historic England) and the British Academy, to improve liaison between funding bodies, improve communication flow and encourage the development and take-up of science-based techniques and results in archaeology. He retained this position until 2000.

In 1990, he took up a professorship of archaeological science at the University of Bradford. In this same year, he was appointed head of the Department of Archaeology, replacing Arnold Aspinall.

He remained in Bradford until 2004, during which time a great deal of cutting edge archaeological research was produced in Bradford, and Pollard supervised many students who went on to hold significant positions across academia, including Carl Heron, director of scientific research at the British Museum. In 1999, Pollard was appointed pro-vice chancellor.

In 2004, he returned to the RLAHA to replace the retiring Mike Tite as director, and to take up the chair of Edward Hall Professor of Archaeological Science. Since 2009, he has supervised 14 Oxford doctorates to completion, and co-supervised a further 23. As of January 2022, he has seven doctoral students.

Oscar White Muscarella

Oscar White Muscarella was an American archaeologist and former Senior Research Fellow at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, where he worked for over 40 years before retiring in 2009.

He specialized in the art and archaeology of the Ancient Near East, in particular Ancient Persia and Anatolia. Muscarella was an untiring opponent of the Looting of ancient sites and earned a reputation as the conscience of the discipline. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1965.

Muscarella was born on March 26, 1931, in New York, New York (borough of Manhattan), as Oscar White to parents Oscar V. White, an elevator operator, and Anna Falkin. Oscar Sr. and Anna lived in the Bronx and were very poor. In 1936 Anna left Oscar White and abandoned Oscar Jr. and his brother Bobby to live with Salvatore “Sam” Muscarella, whom she later married in 1939. After living in an orphanage for a year, Oscar Jr. and Bobby went to live in Manhattan with Anna and Sam in 1937.

While living in Manhattan, Muscarella joined the Gramercy Boy's Club, and it was in the club’s library that he began to read voraciously. In junior high school, he was a good student, skipping a semester, despite working many outside jobs. His teachers there encouraged him to take the tests to qualify for the elite Stuyvesant High School, where he was accepted. At Stuyvesant he joined the Archaeology Club. A Miss Jones, the Club's librarian (and according to Muscarella, "my first and best librarian") was one of several people to whom he dedicated his 2000 book, The Lie Became Great: The Forgery of Ancient Near Eastern Cultures. He began college at New York University, but transferred in his second year to the City College of New York, working during the day. After six years in the Evening Session, he graduated in 1955 with a degree in History.

In the summer of 1953, Muscarella went on his first excavation at Mesa Verde, a Pueblo Indian site in Colorado, which he followed with work on another excavation at Swan Creek, South Dakota. While at Swan Creek, he received a letter of acceptance from the University of Pennsylvania for graduate study in the Department of Classical Archaeology, and he enrolled. He joined the University of Pennsylvania team at the site of Gordion, Turkey, in 1957, the year he married Grace Freed, a fellow graduate student (in Latin) who later became an archaeological illustrator. In 1958-1959, he was a Fulbright Scholar at the American School of Classical Studies, Athens. Muscarella returned to work at Gordion in 1959 and 1963, and excavated in Iran at Hasanlu in 1960, 1962, and 1964; at Agrab Tepe in 1964; and at Ziwiye in 1964. In 1964 he joined the Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. He received a Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1965, writing his dissertation on Phrygian fibulae from Gordion.

At the Metropolitan Museum, Muscarella was Assistant Curator (1964-1969), Associate Curator (1969-1978), and then Senior Research Fellow, retiring in 2009. He continued to work at Hasanlu, as well as other Iranian sites including Dinkha Tepe, Nush-i Jan, and Sé Girdan; he also discovered what he believed to be the important Urartian city of Qalatgah. He was appointed acting head of the department in late 1970 and early 1971, outspoken about the museum’s acquisitions policies with respect to antiquities in light of the recent UNESCO convention, which opened for signature in November 1970. On August 30, 1972, he received his first notice of termination from the museum. This began a years-long legal battle between Muscarella and The Met concerning his wrongful termination, which was eventually resolved with his full reinstatement as Senior Research Fellow in 1978.

Muscarella saw the collecting of illegal antiquities by individuals and institutions as harmful to the discipline of archaeology. It is now widely recognized that the illegal antiquities trade increases the value of and demand for important artifacts, which creates incentives for the plunder of sites and encourages the production of forgeries. Since looters do not document their digging, as occurs with scientific excavation, their activities end up destroying the archaeological context of the artifacts they uncover. Large parts of cultural history, it is claimed, have been destroyed in this manner. According to Muscarella, museums have been complicit in "bazaar archeology,” and have fabricated proveniences for objects that have been illegally excavated or forged. He alleged that curators are often hesitant to address awkward questions about objects in their collections that have been acquired by purchase, donation, or loan for the exhibition.

The problems are outlined in Muscarella’s 1977 article on the Ziwiye hoard, "'Ziwiye’ and Ziwiye: The Forgery of a Provenience,” where he points out that none of the items were excavated under archaeological conditions, but appeared on the art market and passed through the hands of dealers. He concludes that "there are no objective sources of information that any of the attributed objects actually were found at Ziwiye, although it is probable that some were," and that “the objects have no historical and archaeological value as a group."

Muscarella died on November 27, 2022.

Pere Gabarró

Pere Gabarró i Garcia was a Catalan doctor. 

In 1939 he went into exile in England , where he was head of plastic surgery at several hospitals. He specialized in face repairs, and developed a new type of graft called a checkerboard or Gabarró checkerboard graft or Gabarró postage stamp. He has been considered the father of plastic surgery in Catalonia and Spain. A mountain lover, in 1932 he opened the Via Gabarró, a new access road to Pica d'Estats .

Pere Gabarró was born at number 6 on Rambla Nova in Igualada on January 1, 1899, the last of the twelve children of Aleix Gabarró i Castelló and Teresa Garcia i Fossas. The three older brothers, Adolf, Romulus and Màrius, were the only ones who survived childhood. The father, Aleix Gabarró, had a playing card factory in Igualada and the mother, Teresa, was the sister of Jaume and Artur , the well-known Garcia Fossas brothers. At the age of 9, he lost his father, and his mother took him to Barcelona to study. In 1914 he obtained his bachelor's degree at the Institute of Barcelona , ​​and due to family pressure he studied Pharmacy at the University of Barcelona , ​​where he graduated in 1918. He took advantage of the medical books of the son of the owner of the pharmacy where he worked to start his medical career in 1916, which he finished in 1923. He was admitted to the College of Physicians of Barcelona in 1924. 

He began practicing as a doctor in 1924, establishing his practice in Barcelona 's Passeig de Sant Joan . In 1928 he married Josefina Viader and they had two daughters and a son. He was an assistant professor of practices of Legal Medicine and Toxicology (1923-25), of Topographic Anatomy and Operations (1929-30) and of Surgical Pathology I and II (1930-33). He was a member of the Surgical Therapy clinic at the Hospital Clínic directed by the surgeon Joan Puig i Sureda . He became interested in abdominal surgery and in the early 1930s he published his first works on plastic surgery.

He was a member of Palestra , an educational and patriotic Catalan organization founded in 1930, and a member of the Society of Surgery of Barcelona, ​​created in 1927 and called the Society of Surgery of Catalonia in 1933. In this society, he led the publication in Catalan of Bulletin of the Society of Surgery of Catalonia , which until then was in Spanish. He gave the speech In defense of the exclusive use of Catalan in all publications of the Society of Surgery of Catalonia , which led to Catalan being the only language of the Society. His commitment to medical Catalanism was also manifested in his participation as secretary of the Historical Research and Research Committee of theAssociation of Catalan Language Doctors and Biologists and the promotion of the study of the history of Catalan surgery. He participated in the X International Congress of the History of Medicine, held in Madrid in 1935, in tribute to Antoni de Gimbernat within the eighth Congress of Doctors and Biologists of the Catalan Language (1934) and was deputy secretary in the ninth Congress, held in Perpignan in 1936.

During the Spanish Civil War he was a military doctor on the Republican side and acquired great surgical knowledge, especially in the restoration of the face. He was a representative of Acció Catalana Republicana in the War Health Council of the Generalitat de Catalunya and was later appointed commander of the army and head of the surgical team. During the war he organized the care of the burned in the republican part of Catalonia and Valencia. He was assigned to the Aragon front (in Codo , Puebla de Híjar and Barbastre ) and from 1938 to several Catalan hospitals, from Gandesa toSanta Coloma de Farners and, finally, on the hospital train that took him to exile on February 5, 1939. 

He fled to France and fifteen days later to England, first to London and finally to Manchester , where he worked for 3 years with Sir Harold Gillies , considered the father of plastic surgery. Thanks to his skill as a draftsman he was able to enter the Guillies school without having to pay. In return he drew Guillies' operating diagrams. During the Second World War he worked with Dr. Archibald McIndoe , chief surgeon of the Royal Air Force , treating aviation burns.  Appointed Senior Surgeonfor the British government, for 5 years I directed the plastic surgery services of the Baguley Emergency Hospital, the Christie Hospital and the Holt Radium Institute. He developed a new type of tissue graft , called checkerboard or postage stamp , which he published in the British Medical Journal and the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine in 1943 and 1944. These are laminar grafts cut into small squares, from one large piece, and placed with a small separation between them, so that a larger area of ​​skin is covered, and, at the same time, the exudate can flow in case to occur. He was a founding partner of theBritish Association of Plastic Surgeons (1946), he collaborated in the British Medical Journal Surgery and was one of the founders of the Casal Català de Londres.

In March 1947 he returned to Barcelona to meet his wife, children and mother. He received permission to work with Dr. Joan Puig i Sureda and Jaume Pi i Figueras, at the Sant Pau Hospital and the Corachan Clinic. He was a delegate of the American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (1950-52). He was a founding member and first president of the Catalan Society of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, then a section of the Academy of Medical Sciences of Catalonia and the Balearic Islands (1961-1965). From 1962 he collaborated withJosep Alsina and Bofill in the creation of a program of activities for the Catalan Society of Biology. 

He was one of the founders of the scout movement in Catalonia, along with Josep Maria Batista i Roca , and practiced hiking. He was one of the promoters of the Minions de Muntanya created in 1927 and was a member of the Center Excursionista de Catalunya. As a doctor, he published writings aimed at the hiking public. In July 1932 he opened via Gabarró, a new access road to the Pica d'Estats by a different path from the classic Port de Sotllo.

He died on May 4, 1980 in Barcelona, ​​after swimming in the swimming pools of the Barcelona Swimming Club.

Thomas Kilner

Thomas Pomfret Kilner was an early plastic surgeon. One of the four who continued to practice in Britain between the world wars after training at the Queen's Hospital, Sidcup with Harold Gillies. Kilner continued to practice until 1957 The others were Harold Gillies, Arthur Rainsford Mowlem, and Archibald McIndoe. He took a special interest in repairing cleft lips and palate and was appointed in 1944 as Nuffield Professor of Plastic Surgery at the University of Oxford. He occupied this chair until 1957 when he retired.

Born, educated and trained in Manchester Kilner saw active service in the R.A.M.C. during the First World War. In 1918 he was stationed at Sidcup alongside Sir Harold Gillies. In 1921 they became the only two surgeons specializing in plastic surgery in Britain until joined later by Archibald McIndoe and Rainsford Mowlem. Kilner later became consulting plastic surgeon to a large number of hospitals. He served in the Second World War as a consulting plastic surgeon and worked at Roehampton which developed into Stoke Mandeville Hospital . Kilner was President of the British Association of Plastic Surgery in 1948 and 1955. .

Kilner was born on 17 September 1890, the son of a schoolmaster at Manchester Grammar School. He attended Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School, Blackburn. He studied medicine at Manchester University. Here he won the Dauntesey Scholarship and the Sidney Renshaw Exhibition, as well as medals in anatomy and physiology. He qualified in 1912, with distinctions in surgery and pathology.

Following graduation in 1912, he demonstrated in anatomy and then became a house surgeon. His intended to join Dr Bateman of Blackburn in general practice, but when the First World War intervened he was enlisted in the R.A.M.C.

He rose to the rank of captain, and by 1918 was following general surgery as a career. At the armistice he was in charge of an orthopedic unit for patients with fractured femurs. His was advised he might gain an appointment with Major Harold Gillies in a new hospital unit where a new of specialty, "Plastic Surgery." was being practiced. Though not knowing what this was, Kilner was appointed to the hospital at Sidcup.

In 1915 Kilner had married Olive Brown. Their son, Hugh, was born in date. Olive Kilner died when Hugh was an infant of an acute abdominal catastrophe. Hugh qualified in medicine at St Thomas's Hospital but died during service with the Medical Branch of the Royal Air Force. In 1926 Kilner married Florence Brennan (née O'Neill), who survived him. They had one daughter together and brought up Hugh (young "Pomf") together along with their other boys, Peter and Michael, both of whom survived their father.

He died in 1964 having seen the profession go from 1939 when only three London teaching hospitals had appointed consultant surgeons to there being hardly a teaching hospital in the British Isles without a plastic surgeon on the permanent staff on his death.

William Best Hesseltine

William Best Hesseltine was an American historian and politician who became the Socialist Party candidate for U.S. president in 1948. As a historian and professor at the University of Wisconsin–Madison for nearly three decades, Hesseltine's field of expertise was mid-19th century American history, especially the Civil War, Reconstruction Era and American South. He also became known as the mentor of a generation of American historians, many of whom also won prizes for their writing.

Originally from Brucetown, Frederick County, Virginia, he was born on February 21, 1902 to Mae Rosa Best (1860–1929) and her husband William Edward Hesseltine (1860–1905), who had married in Maricopa County, Arizona (Phoenix) in 1901. He had no memory of his father and spent his early childhood in Brucetown with his mother and her parents. His maternal grandfather, Dr. William Janney Best (1834–1908), was born in Loudoun County (and may have been related to John Janney a prominent local and Virginia politician; his farmer father James Best (b. 1805) owned an enslaved man and woman in 1840 and 1860). Dr. Best did not own slaves, nor join either side in the American Civil War, but practiced medicine slightly to the west in Clarke County, including treating soldiers of both armies. After the war, Dr. Best moved a little further westward into Frederick County and established his practice in Brucetown, near the border with the new state of West Virginia and the old Winchester/Martinsburg Turnpike. After his grandfather's death, young Hesseltine studied at the Millersburg Military Institute in Kentucky founded by his uncle, Col. Carl M. Best (including training drills with Civil War era rifles, which gave him a lifelong distaste of military regimentation), then returned to Virginia's Shenandoah Valley to attend Washington and Lee University (rather than nearby VMI) and received a bachelor's degree in 1922. He then received a master's degree from the University of Virginia and his PhD. from the Ohio State University. He would receive a Litt.D. from Washington and Lee in 1949.

In 1923 Hesseltine married Katherine Louise Kramer (1902–1977), and they had a son, William Hesseltine Jr. (1925–2001), and a daughter, Kitty Mae (b. 1928).

Hesseltine first taught at Scarritt-Morrissville College (now Central Methodist College) in Missouri, but became best known for teaching history at the University of Wisconsin-Madison from 1932 until his death. By 1930, he was a professor at the University of Chattanooga and is now the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, but left when the Wisconsin position became available. Although his thesis and first book (published in 1930 and reprinted in 1998), concerned Civil War prisons (and their lamentable conditions in North and South), and he published well over 100 articles, Hesseltine became best known as a biographer and teacher of future historians. His biography of General U.S. Grant in 1935 (republished in 1957 and available online through the Hathi Trust) became the authoritative biography of its subject for decades. In 1945 Hesseltine wrote ""Writing intellectual history is like trying to nail jelly to the wall."

Hesseltine's graduate seminars (some gathered around a table he noted had once been used by students of Frederick Jackson Turner) became known for rigorous application of the historian's craft, beginning with cite checking the published work of other distinguished members of the history department, and discussing whether the errors found mattered. Many of his doctoral students at Madison went on to become influential historians in their own right, including several presidents of the Organization of American Historians or Southern Historical Society and winners of the Pulitzer Prize and Bancroft Prize for historical writing. They included T. Harry Williams, Kenneth M. Stampp, Frank Freidel, Richard N. Current and Stephen E. Ambrose. In addition, Hesseltine influenced the development of the field of rhetoric through his mentoring of Robert G. Gunderson.

Hesseltine opposed Franklin D. Roosevelt's foreign policy in the years before the United States entered World War II, but in 1945 took leave to teach at the GI American University in England. He was for a time an active member of the Socialist Party of the United States. One of his books, republished shortly before his death, concerned third party movements in the United States.

Hessseltine was active in numerous professional associations, including the Southern Historical Association (president in 1960) and the Wisconsin Historical Society (board member from 1951, president from 1961 until his death in 1963).

Hesseltine died of a massive stroke or heart attack on December 8, 1963, and was survived by his widow and children.

Vilém Flusser

Vilém Flusser was a Brazilian Czech-born philosopher, writer and journalist. He lived for a long period in São Paulo (where he became a Brazilian citizen) and later in France, and his works are written in many different languages.

His early work was marked by discussion of the thought of Martin Heidegger, and by the influence of existentialism and phenomenology. Phenomenology would play a major role in the transition to the later phase of his work, in which he turned his attention to the philosophy of communication and of artistic production. He contributed to the dichotomy in history: the period of image worship, and period of text worship, with deviations consequently into idolatry and "textolatry".

Flusser was born in 1920 in Prague, Czechoslovakia into a family of Jewish intellectuals. His father, Gustav Flusser, studied mathematics and physics (under Albert Einstein among others). Flusser attended German and Czech primary schools and later a German grammar school.

In 1938, Flusser started to study philosophy at the Juridical Faculty of the Charles University in Prague. In 1939, shortly after the Nazi occupation, Flusser emigrated to London (with Edith Barth, his later wife, and her parents) to continue his studies for one term at the London School of Economics and Political Science. Vilém Flusser lost all of his family in the German concentration camps: his father died in Buchenwald in 1940; his grandparents, his mother and his sister were brought to Auschwitz and later to Theresienstadt where they were killed. The next year, he emigrated to Brazil, living both in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. He started working at a Czech import/export company and then at Stabivolt, a manufacturer of radios and transistors.

In 1960 he started to collaborate with the Brazilian Institute for Philosophy (IBF) in São Paulo and published in the Revista Brasileira de Filosofia; by these means he seriously approached the Brazilian intellectual community. Flusser had as his friend and closest interlocutor the Brazilian philosopher Vicente Ferreira da Silva. During that decade he published and taught at several schools in São Paulo, being Lecturer for Philosophy of Science at the Escola Politécnica of the University of São Paulo and Professor of Philosophy of Communication at the Escola Dramática and the Escola Superior de Cinema in São Paulo. He also participated actively in the arts, collaborating with the Bienal de São Paulo, among other cultural events.

Beginning in the 1950s he taught philosophy and worked as a journalist, before publishing his first book Língua e realidade (Language and Reality) in 1963. In 1972 he decided to leave Brazil. Some say it was because it was becoming difficult to publish because of the military regime[who?]. Others dispute this reason, since his work on communication and language did not threaten the military[who?]. In 1970, when a reform took place at the University of São Paulo by the Brazilian military government, all Lecturers of Philosophy (members of the Department of Philosophy) were dismissed. Flusser, who taught at the Engineering School (Escola Politécnica), had to leave the university as well. In 1972 he and his wife Edith settled temporarily in Merano (Tyrol). Further short stays in various European countries followed until they moved to Robion in southern France in 1981, where they remained until Flusser's death in 1991. To the end of his life, he was quite active writing and giving lectures around media theory and working with new topics (Philosophy of Photography, Technical Images, etc.). He died in 1991 in a car accident near the Czech–German border, while trying to visit his native city, Prague, to give a lecture.

H.G. Baynes

Helton Godwin Baynes was an English physician, army officer, analytical psychologist and author, who was a friend and early translator into English of Carl Jung.

Baynes was born on June 26, 1882 and educated at Leighton Park School (along with two other leading members of the British Psychoanalytical Society: John Rickman and Lionel Penrose) and then at Trinity College, Cambridge where he read medicine and where he won Blues for Rowing and Swimming two years running. He graduated M.B. B.C. in 1910.

In 1913 he married Rosalind Thornycroft (1891-1973), daughter of Sir William Hamo Thornycroft, their daughters Bridget Rosalind and Chloë were born in 1914 and 1916. Godwin and Rosalind were divorced in 1921. (Rosalind, a friend of D. H. Lawrence, later married the art historian Arthur E. Popham.)In 1927 he married Cary De Angulo. She divorced him in 1931 when he became involved with someone else. Baynes died on 6 September 1943.

Baynes became a House Physician at St Bartholomew's Hospital for his qualifying year, obtaining his M.R.C.S.Eng, L.R.C.P.Lond in 1912. Later he studied hypnotism at La Salpêtrière in Paris. He volunteered to serve in the First Balkan War (1912-1913) and was head of the Red Crescent mission to Turkey and was decorated by Enver Pasha. After practicing in Bethnal Green he moved to Wisbech in late 1913, leaving the town in 1915. He had established a new practice in the Old Market. He served in the RAMC in France, Mesopotamia and Persia and was mentioned in dispatches. During World War I he became interested in Jung's psychology and was part of a group that formed the Analytical Psychology Club after the war. It was modelled on the club convened by Jung in Zurich. In 1922 Baynes went to Zurich for analysis. That year he started collaborating with Cary Angulo, née Fink (1883-1977) in translating Jung. Baynes accompanied Jung on his expedition to East Africa in 1925–26. On his return to the UK, he became one of the chief proponents of the new psychology, and leader of the London club, while others emigrated.

Baynes was a friend of the Fordham family and was supportive of them after Mrs. Fordham died leaving teenage children among whom was the future fellow Trinity alumnus and pioneer Jungian analyst, Michael Fordham. Baynes offered him a first brief analysis in 1933, and after Fordham failed to become an assistant to Jung in Zurich, Baynes saw him again for a period (1935–36) before handing him on to Hildegard Kirsch, a Zurich trained psychologist and refugee from Germany.

Baynes died on September 6, 1943.

Sheldon Mayer

Sheldon Mayer was an American comics artist, writer, and editor. One of the earliest employees of Major Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson's National Allied Publications, Mayer produced almost all of his comics work for the company that would become known as DC Comics.

He is among those credited with rescuing the unsold Superman comic strip from the rejection pile.

Mayer was inducted into the comic book industry's Jack Kirby Hall of Fame in 1992 and the Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame in 2000. Mayer is not to be confused with fellow Golden Age comics professional Sheldon Moldoff.

Mayer was born in Harlem, New York, to a Jewish family. Sheldon Mayer's career in the days before comic books was a diverse one. He worked as writer and artist on "scores of titles" for a juvenile audience circa 1932–33, before joining the Fleischer animation studios as an "opaquer" in 1934, at the age of seventeen.

He began working for National Allied Publications (Major Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson's initial company, later known as DC Comics) shortly after it was founded, in 1935, writing and drawing stories and "thus becoming one of the very first contributors of original material to comic books."

Between 1936 and 1938, Mayer worked for Dell Comics, producing illustrations, house advertisements and covers for titles including Popular Comics, The Comics and The Funnies. Also in 1936, he joined the McClure Syndicate "as an editor working for comics industry pioneer M.C. Gaines." While working for the McClure syndicate, Mayer came across Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster's unsold Superman comics strip, which he "immediately fell in love with." He recalled in a 1985 book that, "The syndicated press rejected it about fifteen times. I was singing [its] praises so much that in 1938 Gaines finally took the strip up to Harry Donenfeld, who was looking for original material to run in his new title, Action Comics," where the soon-to-be iconic character debuted as the lead feature of the first issue. Action Comics editor Vin Sullivan is also among those credited with discovering Superman. Mayer said,

I was crazy about Superman for the same reason I liked The Scarlet Pimpernel, Zorro, and The Desert Song. The mystery man and his alter ego are two distinct characters to be played off against each other. The Scarlet Pimpernel's alter ego was scared of the sight of blood, a hopeless dandy: no one would have suspected he was a hero. The same goes for Superman.

In 1939, "Gaines left McClure to enter into a partnership with [National Periodical Publications]," and Mayer went with him, becoming the first editor of the All-American [Publications] line, then run as a separate entity from National/DC, publishers of Superman and Batman. Mayer edited and participated in the creation of - among others - the Flash (in Flash Comics), Green Lantern, Hawkman, Wonder Woman and All-Star Comics, home to the Justice Society of America. Comics historian Les Daniels noted that "This was obviously a great notion, since it offered readers a lot of headliners for a dime, and also the fun of watching fan favorites interact."

Among his non-superhero work, Mayer assisted with lettering and logo creation on several All-American titles, and drew a number of covers for the "Mutt and Jeff" reprints appearing in the companies flagship title All-American Comics (1939–1958). Having created the semi-autobiographical strip Scribbly the Boy Cartoonist for Dell Comics in 1936, where the feature appeared in The Funnies #2–29 and Popular Comics #6–9), Mayer moved "Scribbly" to All-American Publications in 1939. Soon afterward, the featured included the supporting character of "Ma" Hunkel, who would go on to become the Golden Age incarnation of the Red Tornado, with Mayer writing, penciling and inking the renamed Scribbly and the Red Tornado for All-American Comics between 1941 and 1944 when All-American merged with National. Mayer launched several talking animal titles including Funny Stuff (Summer 1944), Animal Antics (March 1946), and Funny Folks (April 1946).

Mayer retired from editing in 1948, "to devote himself full-time to cartooning". He began to write and draw a number of humor comics for National, including the features The Three Mouseketeers, Leave It to Binky, a teenage humor book, and Sugar and Spike. Leave It to Binky debuted in February 1948 while Scribbly received its own title in August 1948. He also created the backup feature "Doodles Duck", starring a dimwitted, easily angered instigator and his smarter, calmer nephew Lemuel, in Animal Antics #40 (Sept. 1952). This is unrelated to Howie Post's early DC creation Doodles Duck.

Sugar and Spike proved to be one of Mayer's longest-lasting strips, starring two babies who could communicate in baby talk that adults could not understand. Mayer even signed the stories he drew, something rare at National Periodical Publications in the late 1950s when Sugar and Spike debuted.

In the 1970s, when failing eyesight limited his drawing ability, he continued to work for National/DC, contributing scripts to the companies horror and mystery magazines, including most notably House of Mystery, House of Secrets and Forbidden Tales of Dark Mansion. With artist Tony DeZuniga, he co-created the "Black Orchid" feature which ran in Adventure Comics #428–430 in 1973. Mayer wrote and drew several "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" treasuries starting in 1972. These were published as Limited Collectors' Edition C–24, C–33, C–42, C–50 and All-New Collectors' Edition C–53, C–60. Additionally, one digest format edition was published as The Best of DC #4 (March–April 1980). In 1978, Mayer wrote and drew a "How to Draw Batman Booklet" as part of an ongoing debate with DC editor Paul Levitz regarding continuity in comic books. In the 50th anniversary publication Fifty Who Made DC Great, Mayer is cited as still writing and drawing "for the company that first published his great discovery, Superman, forty-seven years ago."

After successful cataract surgery, Mayer returned to drawing Sugar and Spike stories for the international market; only a few have been reprinted in the United States. The American reprints appeared in the digest sized comics series The Best of DC #29, 41, 47, 58, 65, and 68. In 1992, Sugar and Spike #99 was published as part of the DC Silver Age Classics series; this featured two previously unpublished stories by Mayer. DC writer and executive Paul Levitz has described Sugar and Spike as being "Mayer's most charming and enduring creation" while novelist and Sandman creator Neil Gaiman has stated "Sheldon Mayer's Sugar and Spike series...is the most charming thing I've ever seen in comics."

DC attempted to license Sugar and Spike as a syndicated newspaper strip but was unsuccessful. Sales on the "Sugar and Spike" issues of The Best of DC were strong enough that DC announced plans for a new ongoing series featuring the characters. The project was never launched for unknown reasons.

H.G. Peter

Harry George Peter was an American newspaper illustrator and cartoonist known for his work on the Wonder Woman comic book and for Bud Fisher of the San Francisco Chronicle.

Harry George Peter was born in San Rafael, California, on March 8, 1880, the third of three children. Parents Louis and Louisa Peter were born in France, and his father worked as a tailor. At the age of twenty he drew newspaper illustrations under the name H. G. Peter, while answering to the nicknames "Harry" or "Pete". Working for the San Francisco Chronicle, he met Adonica Fulton, a staff artist for the San Francisco Bulletin who had studied at the Mark Hopkins Institute of Art. After moving to New York together in 1907, their pen-and-ink stye illustration, influenced by Charles Dana Gibson, earned them editorial work from magazines like the New York American and Judge. In 1912 they married.

His first work for comic books was through Lloyd Jacquet's comic shop, Funnies, Inc., where he illustrated such features as the biography of General George C. Marshall in True Comics #4 (September 1941). His first superhero was Man o' Metal in "Reg'lar Fellers Heroic Comics" (July, 1941).

His most lasting work came when the 61-year-old artist brought William Moulton Marston's Amazonian superheroine Wonder Woman to life on the pages of comic books (even though Peter went on to be uncredited in her creation) in October 1941. Peter notably changed his Gibson technique to an Art Nouveau-influenced cartooning style for the new series. In April 1942, he opened his own studio at 130 W. 42nd Street in Manhattan. In March 1944, the success of the Wonder Woman comics and newspaper strip led to the opening of the Marston Art Studio at 331 Madison Avenue at 43rd Street. The fourteenth floor studio, one floor above Marston's office, was run by office executive Marjorie Wilkes Huntley, who also contributed some inking and lettering. Joye Hummel went from being Marston's assistant to writing full scripts for the comic, the only other writer for Wonder Woman during the Golden Age. While Peter pencilled the stories, covers, and strips and inked the main figures, he was assisted by a series of female commercial artists who did background inking. The staff also included Helen Schepens as colorist, and Jim and Margaret Wroten as letterers, with some lettering done by daughter-in-law, Louise Marston.

Although Marston died in 1947, Peter continued with Wonder Woman until his death on January 2, 1958.

Leonard Cohen

Leonard Norman Cohen (September 21, 1934 – November 7, 2016) was a Canadian singer-songwriter, poet and novelist. 

His work explored religion, politics, isolation, depression, sexuality, loss, death, and romantic relationships. He was inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame, the Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame, and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. He was invested as a Companion of the Order of Canada, the nation's highest civilian honour. In 2011, he received one of the Prince of Asturias Awards for literature and the ninth Glenn Gould Prize.

Cohen pursued a career as a poet and novelist during the 1950s and early 1960s, and did not begin a music career until 1967. His first album, Songs of Leonard Cohen (1967), was followed by three more albums of folk music: Songs from a Room (1969), Songs of Love and Hate (1971) and New Skin for the Old Ceremony (1974). His 1977 record Death of a Ladies' Man, co-written and produced by Phil Spector, was a move away from Cohen's previous minimalist sound.

In 1979, Cohen returned with the more traditional Recent Songs, which blended his acoustic style with jazz, East Asian, and Mediterranean influences. Cohen's most famous song, "Hallelujah", was released on his seventh album, Various Positions (1984). I'm Your Man in 1988 marked Cohen's turn to synthesized productions. In 1992, Cohen released its follow-up, The Future, which had dark lyrics and references to political and social unrest.

Cohen returned to music in 2001 with the release of Ten New Songs, a major hit in Canada and Europe. His eleventh album, Dear Heather, followed in 2004. In 2005, Cohen discovered that his manager had stolen most of his money and sold his publishing rights, prompting a return to touring to recoup his losses. Following a successful string of tours between 2008 and 2013, he released three albums in the final years of his life: Old Ideas (2012), Popular Problems (2014), and You Want It Darker (2016), the last of which was released three weeks before his death. His posthumous, fifteenth, and final studio album Thanks for the Dance, was released in November 2019.

George Fred Tilton

George Fred Tilton was an American master mariner, whaler, storyteller, and author.

Tilton was born in 1861 in Chilmark, Massachusetts to George Oliver Tilton and Hannah Sisson. He ran away from home at age 14, stowing himself aboard a New Bedford whaling schooner. By the time that he was discovered, the ship was too far from shore and the captain allowed him to stay.

Tilton became a highly accomplished whaler, spending more than forty years at sea hunting whales from the equator to the arctic. In 1898, he was part of a whaling fleet that got caught in an ice pack off Point Barrow, and the fleet decided to send someone to get help out of fear of starvation and death. Tilton filled his pockets with crackers and set out to walk the 3,000 miles to help declaring, "if any one can make the trip, I can."

Tilton served four years in the U.S. Navy during World War I. In 1917, he was hired by the Monjo Company to investigate the disappearance of the A. T. Gifford in Hudson Bay. He sailed on the schooner Pythian, investigated the accident, and determined that fire was the cause of the sinking.

In 1925, Tilton was hired to supervise the overhaul of Charles W. Morgan and to serve as her "captain" when she was opened to the public. The ship was repaired in a sand berth at the Round Hill (Dartmouth, Massachusetts) estate of Edward Howland Robinson Green. In 1926, the Morgan opened to the public and had nearly two hundred thousand visitors. Tilton writes in his autobiography Cap’n George Fred Himself (1928): "perhaps we two, the ship and myself, compare pretty favorable ... now that we are not wanted to hunt whales anymore, we are laid up here so that people can get some idea of how the business used to be done. The ship is on exhibition, and I sometimes think I am too."

Tilton died in 1932 at age 71.

John Humphrey

John Peters Humphrey was a Canadian legal scholar, jurist, and human rights advocate. He is most famous as the principal author of the first draft of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Humphrey was born to Frank Humphrey and Nellie Peter on April 30, 1905, in Hampton, New Brunswick. His childhood was wracked by tragedy: losing both parents to cancer, and one of his arms in an accident while playing with fire. Humphrey attended a boarding school where he endured teasing from other students; it is claimed that this was influential in building his character and compassion.

John Humphrey applied to Mount Allison University at age 15 from the Rothesay Collegiate School and was accepted. He transferred to McGill University and lived with his sister Ruth who was a teacher in Montreal, Quebec. Humphrey graduated from McGill in 1925 where he was awarded a Bachelor of Commerce degree from the School of Commerce, part of the Desautels Faculty of Management. He promptly enrolled in a Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Law at McGill, graduating in 1927 and 1929 respectively. Upon graduation, Humphrey was awarded a fellowship to study in Paris, sailing from Montreal on the RMS Aurania. He met fellow passenger Jeanne Godreau while onboard and they were married in Paris shortly after arriving.

Humphrey returned to Montreal after the fellowship to practice law for five years before accepting a teaching position as a professor at McGill; he also enrolled in a Master of Law program, specializing in international law. During the 1930s Humphrey was considered a renaissance man with the majority of his interests in education, the arts and humanities.

While teaching at McGill in the early 1940s, Humphrey met Henri Laugier, a refugee from France who was working on behalf of the Free French. In 1943, Laugier moved to Algeria to teach at the University of Algiers and later became the Assistant Secretary-General of the United Nations.

While at McGill University, John Peters Humphrey founded the McGill Debating Union, one of the world's most successful and prominent debate societies.

In 1946, Assistant Secretary-General to the United Nations, Henri Laugier, appointed John Peters Humphrey as the first Director of the United Nations Division of Human Rights, within the United Nations Secretariat.

Humphrey was a principal drafter of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. After consulting with the executive group of the Commission, chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt, Professor Humphrey prepared the first preliminary draft of what was to become the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

On the night of December 10, 1948, the General Assembly unanimously adopted the Declaration, dubbed by Mrs. Eleanor Roosevelt as "the international Magna Carta of all humankind."

Humphrey remained with the UN for 20 years. During this period, he oversaw the implementation of 67 international conventions and the constitutions of dozens of countries. He worked in areas including the freedom of the press, status of women, and racial discrimination. In 1988, on the 40th anniversary of the Declaration, the UN Human Rights award was bestowed on Professor Humphrey.

In 1963, he proposed the idea of a United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. While the idea was initially received quite positively, it was only after more than thirty years, under Secretary-General Dr. Boutros Boutros-Ghali, that the office became a reality.

Humphrey retired from the UN in 1966 to resume his teaching career at McGill University. He remained active in the promotion of human rights in Canada and internationally for the rest of his life.

He served as a director of the International League for Human Rights; served as a member of the Royal Commission on the Status of Women; a member of the team that launched Amnesty International's chapter in Canada; and, with colleagues from McGill University, was instrumental in creating the Canadian Human Rights Foundation, now renamed Equitas -International Centre for Human Rights Education. He took part in a number of international commissions of inquiry, including a mission to the Philippines investigating human rights violations under Ferdinand Marcos and the International Commission of Inquiry into the 1932-33 Famine in Ukraine. At the UN, he sought compensation for Korean women forced to act as sex slaves. He also campaigned with the War Amps for reparations for Canadian prisoners of war under Japanese captivity.

In 1974, he spoke in opposition of Bill 22, the Quebec Language Law. He testified on July 19, 1974 that English was also an official language in the province, despite the proposed law. 

Humphrey died in Montreal on March 14, 1995, at the age of 89.

Peter B. Neubauer

Peter Bela Neubauer was an Austrian-born American child psychiatrist and psychoanalyst.

The Neubauer family was part of a small Jewish community in Krems an der Donau, Austria, where Peter was born on July 5, 1913. He received his medical training at the University of Vienna and the University of Bern, in Switzerland, to which he escaped during the Nazi control of Austria. He completed his psychiatric training in Bern in 1941.

Neubauer immigrated to New York in 1941, where he took a position on the staff of Bellevue Hospital.

In an early influential paper, "The One-Parent Child and His Oedipal Development" (1960), Neubauer indicated that a father's absence could jeopardize child development as seriously as maternal deprivation. He worked closely with Anna Freud at the Hampstead Clinic in London, and from the 1970s to his death, Neubauer was a co-editor of The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, an annual publication of Yale University. He was one of the first to study the emotional impact on children witnessing violence in television and film.

Neubauer's published books include Nature's Thumbprint: The New Genetics of Personality, which includes some discussion of his controversial long-term study of adoptive Jewish twins (at least five sets) and triplets (one set) separated during infancy. Neither the children nor their adoptive parents were aware of the real reason they were all being studied or that the children had identical siblings. Some of the twins eventually learned that their separation had been deliberate as a "nature versus nurture" experiment by Neubauer. These revelations led to controversy, anger, and ethical comparisons with notorious twin experiments by the same Nazi regime that Neubauer had escaped. Some of the subjects of Neubauer's twin study have sought records, apologies and compensation from the Jewish Board of Family and Children's Services, which inherited Neubauer's study records. At least three of the separated siblings apparently died by suicide. The experiment was discussed in the 2007 memoir Identical Strangers: A Memoir of Twins Separated and Reunited by Elyse Schein and Paula Bernstein, as well as the documentary films The Twinning Reaction (2017) and Three Identical Strangers (2018) and the television episode Secret Siblings (2018). At the conclusion of the study in 1980, Neubauer reportedly feared that public opinion would be against the study, and declined to publish it. The records of the study are sealed at the Yale University Library until October 25, 2065, although by 2018, some 10,000 pages had been released but were heavily redacted and inconclusive.

Neubauer served as Director of the Jewish Board's Child Development Center, President of the Association for Child Psychoanalysis, Clinical Professor of Psychiatry at New York University, and Secretary General of the International Association of Child Psychiatry and Allied Professions.

Neubauer died in New York City on February 15, 2008, at the age of 94.

Juho Jännes

Juho Kaarle Jännes was a Finnish agricultural politician who served as the first chairman of the Finnish Agricultural Producers' Union from 1917 to 1918 and 1923 to 1955.

The parents of Jännes were professor and senator Arvid Genetz and Julia Arppe. Genetz, fennoman used pen name Arvid Jännes and his children translated their last name to Jännes.

Juho Jännes undergraduate from the Helsinki Finnish School in 1898 and studied physics and chemistry at the University of Helsinki.

He graduated as a Bachelor of Philosophy and a Master's degree in 1903. Jännes became acquainted with agricultural sciences performing postgraduate studies in Germany. He inherited the estate of Ahtiala in Lohja, but he did not have any personal contact with the farm.

Between 1908 and 1918 Jännes acted as the rector of Helsinki Agricultural Lyceum, for which he was called by Hannes Gebhard. In 1917 Jännes graduated as a Licentiate of Philosophy and later became a doctorate in the following year.

Jännes was chairman of SOK from 1916 to 1917, when he failed to prevent the division of the co-operative movement.

When the Finnish Federation of Agricultural Producers was founded in 1917, Jännes was elected as the first chairman of the delegation.

The membership of the Organization was initially small and its influence was based on the expertise of management personnel. Jännes remained a relatively distant person to the members of Agricultural Producers' Union.

At the start of the Finnish Foreign Service, Jännes was appointed to the 1918 Delegation Counselor and the Chairman of the Trade Commission in Berlin. Between 1919 and 1920 he served as envoy to Berlin. President K. J. Ståhlberg fired him after the arms trade deals between Finnish Ministry of War and Germany which had generated an encrypted scandal.

After returning to Finland, Jännes founded a gardening and seedling store in the mansion of Ahtiala.

Jännes returned to the leadership of the Agricultural Producers' Union's delegation in 1923.

Since 1935, the chairman of the board was the title. He was also sometimes appointed as the Chief Executive of the Agricultural Board of Directors but was not assigned to the post.

After the war, Agricultural Producers' Union and Jännes in its leadership were reluctant to surrender finished fields to the Karelian refugees.

The Pellonraivaus Oy was founded in 1940 on the suggestion of the fence in order to promote the clearing of the new lands. After the war, the membership of the Agricultural Producers' Union expanded considerably and the operation became more brisk. Jännes did not give up on the chair until 1955. He also commissioned Agricultural Producers' Union's research on agriculture, served by the Nordic Council of Ministers for Agriculture (NBC) and was active in the farming industry.

In addition to the agricultural organizations, Jännes had plenty of other trusts. He was a longtime chairman of the Board of Governors of the Finnish Broadcasting Company, chairman of the Board of the Laboratory for Agricultural Chemistry in 1939-1954 and was a member of the National Coalition Party's Party Confederation in 1929-1942. He was also one of the founders of Airam, who produced electricity lamps and chairman of the board of directors from 1921 to 1931 and again since 1948.

Jännes received the title of professor in 1948.

Jännes died on January 26, 1964. 

Solomon Asch

Solomon Eliot Asch was a Polish-American Gestalt psychologist and pioneer in social psychology. 

Asch was born in Warsaw, Poland, on September 14, 1907, to a Polish-Jewish family. He grew up in a small town of Łowicz in central Poland. In 1920, Asch emigrated aged 13 with his family to the United States. They lived on the Lower East Side of New York, a dense area of many Jewish, Italian and Irish immigrants. His friends called him Shlaym.

Asch was shy when he moved to the United States and did not speak English fluently due to being brought up in Poland. He went to the neighborhood public school, P.S. 147, to attend 6th grade. As a result of the language barrier, Asch had a very difficult time understanding in class. He learned English by reading Charles Dickens. Asch later attended Townsend Harris High School, a very selective high school attached to the City College of New York. After high school, he attended the City College of New York, majoring in both literature and science. He became interested in psychology towards the end of his undergraduate career after reading the work of William James and a few philosophers. In 1928, when he was 21 years old, he received his Bachelor of Science.

Asch went on to pursue his graduate degree at Columbia University. He initially was interested in anthropology, not in social psychology. With the help of Gardner Murphy, Lois Murphy, Franz Boas, and Ruth Benedict he gained a summer fellowship and investigated how children become members of their culture. His master's thesis was a statistical analysis of the test scores of 200 children under the supervision of Woodworth. Asch received his master's degree in 1930. His doctoral dissertation examined whether all learning curves have the same form; H. E. Garrett assigned the topic to him. He received his PhD in 1932.

Asch was exposed to Gestalt psychology through Gardner Murphy, then a young faculty member at Columbia. He became much more interested in Gestalt psychology after meeting and working closely with his adviser at Columbia, Max Wertheimer, one of the founders of Gestalt psychology. Asch later became close friend with Wertheimer.

Asch began his teaching career at Brooklyn College. In 1947, he moved to Swarthmore College, where he stayed for 19 years, until 1966. Swarthmore was the major center for scholars of Gestalt psychology at that time in the United States. Wolfgang Kohler, a German immigrant, W. C. H. Prentice and Hans Wallach were faculty members at that time as well.[citation needed] During his time at Swarthmore, Asch also served for two years (1958-1960) as a member of Princeton's Institute for Advanced Study. There, Stanley Milgram, who later became a prominent psychologist, worked as his research assistant.

In 1966, Asch left to found the Institute for Cognitive Studies at Rutgers University. In 1972, he moved to the University of Pennsylvania, teaching as a professor of psychology until he retired in 1979, and was Emeritus until 1996. Asch also had visiting posts at Harvard and MIT.

Asch died at the age of 88 on February 20, 1996, in his home in Haverford, Pennsylvania.

Giorgio Antonucci

Giorgio Antonucci was an Italian physician, known for his questioning of the basis of psychiatry.

In 1963 Antonucci studied psychoanalysis with Roberto Assagioli, the founder of psychosynthesis, and began to dedicate himself to psychiatry trying to solve the problems of the patients and avoiding hospitalisation and any kind of coercive method (mechanical, pharmacological, psychological). In 1968 he worked in Cividale del Friuli with Edelweiss Cotti, in a ward of the city hospital that had been opened as an alternative to the mental hospitals -called Centro di Relazioni Umane [Centre for Human Relations].

In 1969 he worked at the psychiatric hospital of Gorizia, directed by Franco Basaglia. From 1970 to 1972 he directed the mental health centre of Castelnuovo nei Monti in the province of Reggio Emilia. From 1973 to 1996 he worked in Imola on the dismantling of several wards of the psychiatric hospitals Osservanza and Luigi Lolli under his direction. During the earthquake that struck Sicily in 1968 he worked as a physician for the Civil Protection Service of Florence. At the time of his death in 2017 Antonucci lived in Florence and collaborated with the Italian branch of the Citizens Commission on Human Rights, with the Centro di Relazioni Umane and with Radicali Italiani.

John Rawlings Rees

John Rawlings Rees, also known as 'Jack' or 'J.R.', was a British civilian and military psychiatrist.

Born in Leicester to the Methodist minister Reverend Montgomery Rees and his wife Catharine Millar, John Rawlings Rees experienced frequent relocations during his early life as his father moved from manse to manse. After a period spent at Leeds, most of Rees education took place at Bradford Grammar School. He then attended King's College, Cambridge, where he studied Medicine and Natural Science and played water polo.

Following his degree, Rees worked at the Victoria Park Chest Hospital, studying tuberculosis. Rees was finishing his medical education at the London Hospital when the First World War broke out. He joined the Friends Ambulance Unit in 1914, and later became a Medical Officer in the Royal Army Medical Corps, where he was awarded the Belgian Knight of the Order of the Crown for his work with Belgian civilians. After being invalided back to London for a time, Rees was placed in charge of a motor ambulance unit in Mesopotamia until 1919, when he demobilised with the rank of captain.

Hugh Crichton-Miller invited Rees to work with him at a private psychiatric nursing home, Bowden House, Harrow on the Hill. Rees married Mary Isobel Hemingway (10 September 1887 – 4 October 1954), the resident medical officer at Bowden House, in 1921. Their marriage occurred shortly after Rees and Crichton-Miller created the Tavistock Square Clinic for Functional Nervous Disorders, a voluntary hospital which opened in 1920. Mary also joined the staff of the Tavistock Clinic. The clinic specialised in the new 'dynamic psychologies' of Sigmund Freud and his followers, and in particular the Object relations theory of Ronald Fairbairn and others. As well as educating others at the clinic, Rees took the DPH in 1920 and MRCP in 1936. Rees was one of the key figures at the original Tavistock Clinic and became its medical director from 1933. He began to make plans to establish an Institute of Medical Psychology, with beds and more opportunities to train people in psychiatric methods, and bought a site in Bloomsbury to build it, but his plans were halted by the outbreak of the Second World War.

Rees was appointed consulting psychiatrist to the British Army during the Second World War, and obtained the rank of brigadier. During the war, Rees oversaw his colleagues' experiments with group psychotherapy, 'therapeutic communities', morale, rehabilitation, and selection tests.

The work which occupied most of Rees time during the war was the case of Rudolf Hess. Together with Henry Dicks, a fellow member of the Tavistock Clinic group, Rees was charged with the care of Hitler's Deputy at the secret prison locations where he was held following his capture after landing in Scotland. Over the four-year period from June 1941 to Hess' appearance at the Nuremberg trial, Rees apparently established a relationship with Hess: Hess' diaries record many meetings with Rees, referred to at this time as Colonel Rees, in which Hess accused his captors of attempting to poison, drug, and 'mesmerise' him. In 1945 Rees was a member of the three-man British panel (with Churchill's personal physician Lord Moran, and eminent neurologist Dr George Riddoch) which assessed Hess's capability to stand trial for war crimes.

As a result of his war work, Rees was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1946. He received awards including the Thomas Salmon Memorial lectureship of the New York Academy of Medicine in 1944, the William Withering lectureship at the University of Birmingham in 1945, and shared the first new Lasker Award with Brock Chisholm in 1945.

After the war, the Tavistock Clinic underwent considerable changes, in which Rees played a key role. He was a member of a group who referred to themselves as the ‘invisible college’, in reference to the 17th century precursor to the Royal Society. This group orchestrated "Operation Phoenix", making plans for Tavistock to rise from the ashes of war. After the war, this group, including Rees and five others, formed the Interim Planning Committee of the Tavistock Clinic. This committee was chaired by Wilfred Bion, meeting twice a week to formulate a new way forward for their work at Tavistock, based on war-time experience. Rees’ plans for the Institute of Medical Psychology were never realised; instead, the group went on to found the Tavistock Institute, with funding from the Rockefeller Foundation. Rees left shortly afterwards in 1947.

After leaving the Tavistock, Rees’ first role was as the chief organiser of the 1948 International Congress for Mental Health, held in London. At this congress, the World Federation for Mental Health was founded, and Rees was elected as the first president. This organisation is now a non-governmental organisation with formal consultative status at the United Nations. There is an annual Rees lecture in memory of Rees' wife, Mary Hemingway Rees, "among the first staff members at the Tavistock Clinic when it was founded in 1920" and "one of the founders of the WFMH" with her husband.

Rees retired from his post in 1962, though he continued to act as a consultant. He died at his London home on 11 April 1969.