Famous Pipe Smokers: 11/21/22

21 November, 2022

Sterling Brown

Sterling Allen Brown was an American professor, folklorist, poet, literary critic, and the first Poet Laureate of the District of Columbia. He chiefly studied black culture of the Southern United States and was a professor at Howard University for most of his career.

J. Donald Monan

J. Donald Monan, SJ was the chancellor of Boston College from 1996 to 2017 and its 24th president from 1972 to 1996—the longest such tenure in the university's history until it was surpassed by his successor. A native of Blasdell, New York, he joined the Society of Jesus in 1942. Monan earned a bachelor's degree, a licentiate of philosophy, and a Licentiate of Sacred Theology at Woodstock College. He then studied at the University of Louvain (UCLouvain) in Belgium, where he earned a Ph.D. in philosophy. He was ordained a priest in 1955.

Prior to becoming president of Boston College, Monan served as acting president, vice president, academic dean, chairman of the philosophy department, professor and instructor at Le Moyne College.

Dr. Robert White

Robert Joseph White was an American neurosurgeon best known for his head transplants on living monkeys.

White was raised in Duluth, Minnesota by his mother and an aunt. His father was killed in combat while serving in the Pacific theater during World War II. White stated in a 2009 Motherboard interview that his interest in the human brain started in high school when his biology teacher admired his dissection of a frog cranium and told White that he should become a brain surgeon.

White began his undergraduate studies at the University of St. Thomas before entering the University of Minnesota Medical School in 1949; he later transferred to Harvard Medical School in 1951, where he earned his medical degree cum laude in 1953. White had ten children with his wife, Patricia Murray, a nurse he met at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital while completing his surgical internship and residency. A devout Roman Catholic, Dr. White was a member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences. He attended mass regularly and prayed before performing surgeries.

Throughout his career, White performed over 10,000 surgical operations and authored more than 900 publications on clinical neurosurgery, medical ethics and health care. He received honorary doctorates from John Carroll University (Doctor of Science, 1979), Cleveland State University (Doctor of Science, 1980), Walsh University (Doctor of Humane Letters, 1996) and the University of St. Thomas (Doctor of Sciences, 1998). White received invitations worldwide to speak, lecture and share his medical expertise. He was a consultant to the Burdenko Institute of Neurosurgery in Moscow and was the only foreign member of both Russian and Ukrainian Academies of Medical Science. He lectured extensively in the U.S., Russia, China and Europe. White also became an adviser to Pope John Paul II on medical ethics. He established the Vatican's Commission on Biomedical Ethics in 1981 after his appointment to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences. Under White's leadership, the Commission influenced the church's stance on brain death and in vitro fertilization.

He nicknamed himself Humble Bob. White founded Metro's neurosurgery department. Many people know him for being the leading target for protesters. A PETA activist went as far as to call him "Dr. Butcher" and described his experiments as "epitomizing the crude, cruel vivisection industry." For 40 years, White was a neurological surgery professor at Case Western Reserve University medical school, a well-liked teacher and an acclaimed surgeon. He was one of the best known neurosurgeons in the United States, notably for his head transplant experiments on rhesus monkeys.

White died at his home in Geneva, Ohio on September 16, 2010 at age 84 after suffering from diabetes and prostate cancer.

Merab Mamardashvili

Merab Mamardashvili was a Soviet philosopher.

He was born in Gori (Eastern Georgia). In 1955 he graduated from the Faculty of Philosophy of the Moscow State University. From 1968 to 1987 he was a deputy editor of the scientific journal "Voprosi Filosofii" ("Questions of Philosophy"). He became a professor of the Moscow State University and a senior research fellow of the Moscow Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Science. From 1987-1990 Mamardashvili was head of the Department of the Tsereteli Institute of Philosophy of the Georgian Academy of Sciences and Professor of the Tbilisi State University.

In his life only a few books were published, his lectures (for his style of lecturing he and others called them "dialogues" or "conversations" and he was called "Russian (or Georgian) Socrates") were taped and published after his death by his disciple Yuri Senokosov. Lecturing abroad, Mamardashvili gave talks in Germany, France, and other countries. He died from a heart attack at Moscow Vnukovo airport on November 25, 1990 and was buried in Tbilisi in a family grave on the Saburtalo cemetery.

Dan Locklair

Dan Locklair is an American composer. He holds the position of Composer-in-Residence at Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem, North Carolina where he is also a Professor of Music. Locklair has written numerous works ranging from organ solos to compositions for full orchestra, but he is most often noted for his sacred music.

Locklair was born in Charlotte, North Carolina in 1949. He was a professional organist by age 14; he is a graduate of Mars Hill College and also holds a Doctor of Musical Arts degree from the Eastman School of Music.

One of Locklair's pieces, "The Peace may be exchanged" (from Rubrics), was performed at the funeral service for former President Ronald Reagan at the Washington National Cathedral.

Robert Markus

Robert Austin Markus was a Hungarian-born British historian and philosopher best known for his research on the early history of Christianity.

Róbert Imre Márkus was born in Budapest, Hungary on October 8, 1924. Both of his parents were Jews with strong ties to Christianity. His father, Gyözö (Victor) Márkus (1897–1971), was the director of a heavy engineering firm which had been founded by Robert's grandfather Márkus Lajos, originally a locksmith. Robert's mother, Lili (Lily) Elek (1900–1962), was the daughter of the manager of an enormous forest in Osijek, modern-day Croatia. She was an internationally recognized ceramicist.

Robert's father had converted to Lutheranism as a young man, but later regretted his decision and applied for readmission to the synagogue. Márkus was baptized in the Lutheran church as an infant.

Márkus attended the Áldás elementary school in Budapest, and later boarding schools in Lausanne and Bern. His family emigrated to England in 1939 and settled in Glossop, where his father and uncle had arranged with the local MP Hugh Molson, Baron Molson to establish Ferrostatics, a small engineering factory at Hollingworth. The factory was soon producing precision machine tools for the manufacture of Spitfires, which enabled the family to avoid internment as enemy aliens on the Isle of Man. After the war, Ferrostatics continued with precision engineering for major companies, such as Imperial Chemical Industries, and was eventually sold to the Chloride Electrical Storage Company.

Márkus completed his high school education at Kingsmoor School, Glossop. He subsequently enrolled at the University of Manchester as a chemistry student. Márkus had originally sought to study philosophy, while his father wanted him to become and engineer and assume control of the family business, and chemistry thus became a compromise choice. At the university he came under the influence of Professor of Physical Chemistry Michael Polanyi. As a chemist Márkus was exempted from military service during World War II, and instead served as a works chemist at a The Co-operative Group margarine factory in accordance with the wartime Essential Work Order.

After the war, Márkus began studying philosophy at the University of Manchester. Here befriended his professor Dorothy Emmet, who had a major influence on him. His 1948 MA on Samuel Alexander, and his 1950 PhD on Cartesianism, were both supervised by Emmet.

At Manchester, Márkus belonged to a circle of future prominent intellectuals, which included Walter Johannes Stein, Herbert McCabe and Eric John. The circle was characterized by secularism and radical socialist ideas. Several members of the group were Marxists, most notably his close friend Walter Stein, and throughout his life, Márkus would belong to the political left. Among the members of Markus' intellectual circle was the history student Margaret Catherine Bullen, with whom Marcus would eventually marry. One of the members of the group was the "very liberal" Roman Catholic priest Father Vincent Whelan. Seeing the need for Christian conscience in the aftermath of the invention of nuclear weapons, Márkus received instruction as a Catholic from Father Whelan in 1946. His parents and brother followed him into conversion. Together with Walter Stein, Willy Schenk and Louis Allen, Robert founded the journal Humanitas, which aimed to united Catholic values and social reform through radical change of both the Church and secular society. Together with Stein, Márkus wrote Nuclear Warfare and the Christian Conscience (1949), which argued in favor of nuclear disarmament. In the summer of 1949, Márkus went on a pilgrimage to Rome with his close friend Father Wheelan. Márkus envisioned a more diverse Church where the Vatican had less authority and would later rejoice over the radical changes implemented at the Second Vatican Council under Pope John XXIII.

With his friend McCabe, Márkus left Manchester for Oxford in 1950, where he joined the Dominican Order at Blackfriars, Oxford. It was at this time was he changed his name to Robert Austin Markus. Forbidden by his novice master from reading philosophy during his first year at Blackfriars, Markus was encouraged to read the scriptural commentaries of Augustine. The study of Augustine would later become central to his scholarly work.

In 1954, Markus left Blackfriars for Birmingham, where he found work as a librarian. In 1955, Markus moved to Liverpool, where he worked at the university library under the librarian and scholar Kenneth Povey. Povey encouraged Markus to continue his research and from 1958, Markus was lecturer, and later senior lecturer and reader, in the department of medieval history at the University of Liverpool. At the time the department was headed by Christopher N. L. Brooke. At the time Markus lectured on several subjects, including Bede, and on ancient and medieval political thought. By 1960, Markus had become greatly interested in Pope Gregory I, and was offered to supervise a Special Subject on him. Among the early students to follow Markus' special subject on Gregory the Great was Ian Kershaw.

In the 1960s, Markus befriended fellow historian Peter Brown, with whom he established a close friendship. Along with Brown, Markus played a decisive role in establishing Late Antiquity as a distinct period in European history. His reading of William Frend The Donatist Church greatly influenced him. While Frend argued that the Donatists represented the aspirations of the Berbers of North Africa, Markus agreed with Brown that they rather represented the pre-Constantian uncentralised traditions of the African Church. In subsequent years, Markus studied the early history of Christianity as a force in the social and political history of ancient Rome. His first monograph, Saeculum: History and Society in the Theology of Saint Augustine (1970), saw Augustine as a dissenter from the triumphalism of the post-Constantinian Christianity. In his Christianity in the Roman World (1974), Markus subjected the social and cultural history of Christianity to further study and examined how it came to be the state religion of the Roman Empire. Markus argued that the growth of Christianity was largely achieved through its gradual incorporation of classical values, which made it more acceptable to Roman elites.

In 1974, Markus was appointed Chair of Medieval History at the University of Nottingham. By this time, he had established himself as leading authority on the history of the early Church. During his period at Nottingham, Markus contributed greatly making the Nottingham Department of Classics a leading institution in its field. He was President of the Ecclesiastical History Society from 1978 to 1979.

Markus took an early retirement from the University of Nottingham in 1982. He was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 1985. From 1986 to 1987 he was a visiting scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study. He was Distinguished Visiting Professor at the Catholic University of America in 1988. Although retiring from university duties apart from a few guest lectures, Markus continued researching and writing. His The End of Ancient Christianity (1990) examined how Roman culture eroded from the time of Augustine to that of Pope Gregory the Great. Wolf Liebeschuetz has described The End of Ancient Christianity as Markus' masterpiece. It was followed by Gregory the Great and His World (1997). In these two studies Markus showed how the lives of these two figures intersected despite the continuing transformation of Christianity. From 1991 to 1995, Markus was President of the International Association of Patristic Studies. He was Visiting Professor at Notre Dame University in 1993. A festschrift, The Limits of Ancient Christianity: Essays on Late Antique Thought and Culture, was published in honor of Markus in 1999. Markus was appointed OBE in 2000.

Markus spent his last days in Beeston, Nottingham, and died of prostate cancer at City Hospital, Nottingham on December 8, 2010. He was survived by his wife, three children and four grandchildren.

Carl Lampert

Carl Lampert was an Austrian Roman Catholic priest who served as the pro-vicar for the Diocese of Feldkirch in addition to being an outspoken critic of Nazism during World War II. This led to constant surveillance against him and his eventual arrests on several occasions. This all culminated with his final arrest in 1943 and his death from the guillotine in 1944 alongside a fellow Christian prisoner.

He was declared to have been killed "in odium fidei" (in hatred of the faith) and was beatified on 13 November 2011 in Austria; Cardinal Angelo Amato presided over it on the behalf of Pope Benedict XVI who had approved the cause.

Lampert was born as the last of seven children of Franz Xaver Lampert and Maria Rosina Lampert in Feldkirch in 1894. He attended school in his hometown and would attend a state high school after the completion of his first studies; the death of his father seemed to jeopardize this but an uncle of his provided financial aid to him in an effort to see Lampert through his education.

Lampert commenced his studies for the priesthood in 1914 in Brixen and received his ordination from Bishop Franz Eggar on 12 May 1918 during World War I; he celebrated his first Mass on 26 May 1918. Following his ordination he worked as a chaplain in Dornbirn and was involved in pastoral work with adolescents. In 1930 he moved - with the financial support of Bishop Sigismund Waitz - to Rome for studies in canon law and moved to new quarters at the Collegio Teutonico di Santa Maria dell'Anima until 1935 as a secretary to the Roman Rota. Pope Pius XI later made him a monsignor in 1935.

On 1 October 1935, he was stationed in the Diocese of Innsbruck where Waitz wanted him to perform several administration duties. Around this time he was considered to be the diocese's new bishop but Pius XI did not choose him; instead he was made Pro-Vicar of that diocese on 15 January 1939. In 1940 he attempted in vain to secure the release of Otto Neururer and when he was killed Lampert published an obituary in a church newsletter for him. However he was arrested for this due to violating what was Nazi confidentiality laws and was deported to Dachau on 25 August 1940. He was then sent to Sachsenhausen in Berlin on 1 September 1940 where he was forced to do labor in a penal colony. A popular saying of his - while there - was "in the name of Christ for the Church". He was sent back to Dachau on 15 December 1940 and remained there for eight months before being released on 1 August 1941 and sent to Stettin. Despite being freed he was put under intense surveillance and was regarded with much suspicion; his phone calls were tapped and all correspondence was read. He continued to work as a pastor but also worked as a hospital chaplain.

Lampert was arrested for the last time on 4 February 1943 and endured intense interrogations and was also tortured. He was found to be guilty of both treason and sedition on 30 December 1943 and was sent to Torgau on 14 January 1944 where he spent seven months in solitary confinement. A third trial gave him the death sentence on 8 September 1944. Lampert - alongside a fellow priest - was executed by guillotine on 13 November 1944 at 4:00pm.

His remains were cremated and buried in Halle an der Saale and were returned to his hometown in 1948.

Bishop Dr. John Wand

John William Charles Wand, KCVO, PC (25 January 1885 – 16 August 1977) was an English Anglican bishop. He was the Archbishop of Brisbane in Australia before returning to England to become the Bishop of Bath and Wells before becoming the Bishop of London.

Early life

William Wand was born in Grantham, Lincolnshire, the son of Arthur James Henry Wand, a butcher, and his wife Elizabeth Ann Ovelin, née Turner. Despite Wand's father being a staunch Calvinist, his mother brought him up in the Church of England. Educated at The King's School, Grantham and St Edmund Hall, Oxford, where he took first-class honours in theology (BA, 1907; MA, 1911), he prepared for ordination at Bishop Jacob Hostel, Newcastle upon Tyne. He was ordained a deacon in 1908 and a priest in 1909. He served curacies at Benwell and Lancaster. On 11 October 1911 he married Amy Agnes Wiggins (1883-1966) at St Leonard's parish church in Watlington, Oxfordshire and they had two children. In 1914, he was appointed vicar-choral of Salisbury, and became part of a cathedral family centred on ‘the Close’.[3]

World War I

Wand volunteered for the army chaplaincy in July, 1915. He was Anglo-Catholic in a Chaplaincy in which ‘low church’ predominated.[4] He was posted to Gallipoli, and would write vividly of his experience there. For example, his simile of Sulva Bay conveys the fearsome context of British positions on a narrow beach. "Our position on that beach was rather like that of a theatre orchestra as he turns his back on the stage and looks up at the tiers of boxes and galleries in front and on either hand. Only in this case they were not filled with an applauding audience but with the enemy and his guns".[5]

Wand's autobiography is an evocative but rarely used source of first-hand experience of Gallipoli,[6] and Wand also wrote letters published in the Salisbury Diocesan Chronicle, including a reflection on how the reputation of padres depended on their willingness to display bravery. "The soldier needs not only a man who can preach to him, however eloquently, or pray with him, however movingly, or arranges his recreation for him, however good humouredly, but one who will lay his remains to rest in his last resting place in spite of the terror by night or the arrow that flieth by day. And who can blame him?"[7]

Wand was attached to Australian hospitals and hospital ships but caught paratyphoid and had to be evacuated to Malta and then to London. He had recovered by April, 1916, and was posted to Rouen[8] and after the Armistice, to Cologne.

Archbishop of Brisbane

Demobilised in March 1919, Wand was made perpetual curate of St Mark's, Salisbury, where St Clair Donaldson was bishop. In 1925 Wand became a fellow and the dean of Oriel College, Oxford and university lecturer in church history. Eight years later Bishop St Clair Donaldson was asked by archbishop Cosmo Lang to nominate a candidate for the see of Brisbane as archbishop.

Wand was consecrated in St Paul's Cathedral, London, on 1 May 1934, by archbishop Lang, together with the new bishop of Johannesburg and the suffragan bishop of Plymouth.[1] He was enthroned in St John's Cathedral, Brisbane on 5 September, after arriving in Brisbane on 30 August.[9]

Wand's arrival in Queensland was almost immediately clouded by the death in a climbing accident, near Chamonix-Mont-Blanc on the France/Switzerland border, of his only son, Paul (1912–34). He had a difficult reception: those who had wanted a local dignitary as their new bishop united to oppose Wand. His attempts to eradicate slackness made him appear authoritarian to his clergy. Sturdy in appearance, shy and gracious, Wand was often seen as being aloof and something of an intellectual snob though this belied his natural humour and quick wit. The decision to move St Francis's Theological College from Nundah to the Bishopsbourne property was unpopular, although Wand's relations with its students won him their respect and affection and its proximity to the Archbishop's home improved the standards of training. His establishment of a property and finance board to handle the economic problems of the diocese also did not meet with general favour.

Archbishop Wand leaving St John's Cathedral, Brisbane after service on ANZAC Day, 25 April 1937

As a member of the University of Queensland senate, Wand worked to promote biblical studies and helped to create the first university theological faculty in Australia. During his episcopate he wrote a weekly article for The Courier-Mail, translated the New Testament epistles and gave the Moorhouse lectures in Melbourne in 1936.

He consecrated Ss Peter and Paul Cathedral, Dogura, Papua (now Papua New Guinea) on 29 October 1939. The date was continually altered owing to the start of World War II and its isolated position. Dogura is in Milne Bay Province.[10] The cathedral was built on a battle site, held 800 with a further 500 standing outside at the consecration.[11]

Wand made a lecture tour of the United States of America in 1940. He argued in support of a new constitution for the Church, but thought that the proposed appellate tribunal should have a majority of bishops, rather than legal laymen, to determine points of doctrine.

Bishop of Bath and Wells

During World War II, when Brisbane resembled a garrison town, Wand and his wife worked for the Soldiers, Sailors and Airmen's Help Society. His 1942 address to the Royal Society of St George defended the British war effort and was published as the pamphlet, "Has Britain Let Us Down?" This brought Wand to the attention of Brendan Bracken, Minister of Information, and of Prime Minister Winston Churchill.

It was already known that Wand was unpopular in Australia since the Archbishop of Perth had written to the Archbishop of Canterbury, William Temple, asking Temple to find a post for Wand in England.[12] The death of the Bishop of Bath and Wells provided that opportunity.[13] Early in 1943, Wand was offered the see of Bath and Wells, and the family left Brisbane in July the same year.[2]

Bishop of London

Wand was surprisingly translated to London two years later, being interviewed personally by Winston Churchill at a lunch he described in his autobiography. Both appointments caused some dissension since Wand was suspected ‘...of Papish practice, and was roughly handled by Protestant demonstrators at his confirmation ....’[14]

In London post-war difficulties, including the rebuilding of shattered city churches, challenged and revealed Wand's administrative gifts. As bishop, Wand was a privy counsellor; in 1955 he was appointed KCVO;[N 1] in 1946-57 he was prelate of the Order of the British Empire. He resigned his see as Bishop of London in 1956.

Archbishop Fisher had preceded Wand at London, and was no admirer of Wand, writing after Wand's retirement, ‘Wand had been interested only in certain aspects of diocesan life. It was high time that the Diocese of London was placed in firm hands’.[15] Conversely, the scholarly Canon Charles Smyth wrote of Wand that he ‘ Was methodical, patient, shrewd, far-sighted, never complacent, but always cheerful, and physically robust.’[6] Dean Marcus Wright noted ‘There was nothing deceitful or ‘smooth’ about him: he was a straight man of integrity and you always knew where you were with him. He was no actor.’[16] High-powered as Wand was, the human side was expressed through a supply of detective stories read in bed at night and, as a family man, notably Saturday afternoons ‘sacred to the weekly visit to the cinema with Mrs Wand'.[17]

With the Bishop of Fulham Basil Batty, he supported the early ecumenical movement. He was the first Chairman of the Executive body of the British Council of Churches, attending the 1948 foundation of the World Council of Churches in Amsterdam.[18]

Seretse Khama affair

On 25 September 1948, Seretse Khama, a 27-year-old black African man, and Ruth Williams, a 24-year-old white English woman, went to the Anglican St George's Church in Campden Hill, London, to get married. Half an hour before the service their vicar, the Reverend Leonard Patterson, under severe pressure from various parties opposed to the inter-racial marriage, told the couple he was not willing to perform at the ceremony.[19]

Khama, who was heir to the kingship of the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, and Williams, who was a London insurance clerk, pleaded with Patterson to change his mind, but instead he took them to the nearby St Mary Abbots church in Kensington to meet Wand, who, as Bishop of London, was performing an ordination. There they attempted to gain Wand's consent to be married in the Church of England. However, Wand refused such permission without even speaking to the couple himself, sending the Archdeacon of Middlesex with a message that read: "Get in touch with the Colonial Office. When they agree to the wedding, I will".[19]: 23–24

Although senior officials at the Colonial Office had no say over whether the couple could get married in a church, or indeed anywhere else, they had made it known through various back channels that they were opposed to the union, not only because they found it distasteful but because they believed that, given Khama's royal status, it would create political difficulties with apartheid South Africa, a neighbouring state to Bechuanaland.[19]

Wand's refusal to sanction a church ceremony forced Khama and Williams to get married in a civil service four days later, at Kensington Registry Office in London.[19]

Latter years

After resigning as bishop, Wand was appointed minor canon and later Canon Treasurer of St Paul's Cathedral, London, until 1969 and edited The Church Quarterly Review.[2] A wide-ranging and facile historian, he wrote forty-five books, among them a History of the Modern Church (1930), History of the Early Church (1937), White of Carpentaria (1949), Anglicanism in History and Today (1961) and an autobiography, The Changeful Page (1965). Survived by a daughter, Wand died on 16 August 1977 at the College of St Barnabas, Lingfield, Surrey, and was cremated.

References

"Archbishop Wand Consecrated in London : Special Message to Brisbane". Queensland Times. Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. 3 May 1934. p. 7. Retrieved 15 July 2021.

Arnott, F.R. "Wand, John William Charles (1885 - 1977)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Retrieved 15 July 2021.

Wand, p61

'What Did You Do in the Great War, Bishop' by Tom Scherb, Stand To, no 95, September, 2012

Wand, p75

Church Quarterly Review of 'A Changeful Page' by Charles Smyth

Salisbury Diocesan Chronicle, November, 1915

TNA WO339/54926. Service Record

Onesimus (9 June 1934). "Religious notes : Archbishop's Arrival". The Courier-Mail. Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. p. 5. Retrieved 15 July 2021.

Dogura Cathedral. Retrieved 13 February 2011.

Warrington Strong, Philip Nigel (30 March 1940). "An account of the Consecration of the Cathedral Church of Ss Peter and Paul, Dogura, Papua, on Sunday, October 29, 1939". Anglican History. Australian Church Quarterly, volume 5, number 1. Retrieved 15 July 2021.

Lambeth Palace Library, W Temple Papers 4

TNA PREM5/286, Records of the Prime Minister's Office

King's Counsellor; Diaries of Lascelles, edited by Duff Hart-Davis, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2006, p353

TNA PREM5/417 Records of the Prime Minister's Office

University of Bradford Special Collections. Pearl-Binns Papers

Lambeth Palace Library, ms 4828,60-110

Peart-Binns, John S. Wand of London. (Oxford, Mowbray, 1987)

Williams, A. Susan (2016). Colour bar : the triumph of Seretse Khama and his nation. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-198570-1.

Frank Wadsworth

Frank W. Wadsworth was an American Shakespearean scholar, author, and sportsman.

He was born in New York City, the son of Prescott Kingsley Wadsworth and Elizabeth Browning (Whittemore) Wadsworth. He graduated from the Kent School in 1938 and served as a naval aviator in WWII. After the war he completed his A.B. degree at Princeton University, as well as his M.A. and Ph.D. He served on the faculty teaching English literature at the University of California, Los Angeles; the University of Pittsburgh, and was a founder and vice president for academic affairs for Purchase College. He also served as a member of the selection committee for The Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation; and as a member of the advisory council, Department of English Princeton University.

He was named a John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellow in 1961 and was the recipient of numerous academic awards and honors, including a Woodrow Wilson Fellowship, Folger Shakespeare Library Fellow, and honorary Phi Beta Kappa.

Wadsworth was a trustee of the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research from 1970 to 2006, an organization supporting anthropological research, and served as chairman of the board from 1977 to 1987. In recognition of his commitment to the scholarly integrity of anthropology, the foundation renamed the Professional Development International Fellowship the Wadsworth Fellowship Program. His hobbies included horseback riding and sailing. He is buried in Arlington, Vermont.

Carl O. Sauer

Carl Ortwin Sauer (December 24, 1889 – July 18, 1975) was an American geographer. Sauer was a professor of geography at the University of California at Berkeley from 1923 until becoming professor emeritus in 1957. He has been called "the dean of American historical geography"[1] and he was instrumental in the early development of the geography graduate school at Berkeley. One of his best known works was Agricultural Origins and Dispersals (1952). In 1927, Carl Sauer wrote the article "Recent Developments in Cultural Geography," which considered how cultural landscapes are made up of "the forms superimposed on the physical landscape."

Family and education

Sauer was born December 24, 1889 in Warrenton, Missouri, the son of German-born William Albert Sauer and Rosseta J. Vosholl. As a child he was sent to study in Germany for five years. He later attended Central Wesleyan College where his father served as the school botanist and taught music and French. The elder Sauer was interested in history and geography and felt there was a strong relationship between the two fields of study. His outlook most likely had a strong influence on his son's perspective. After graduating in 1908, Sauer studied geology briefly at Northwestern University and then moved to the University of Chicago to study geography. There he was influenced by geologist Rollin D. Salisbury and botanist Henry C. Cowles. Sauer wrote his dissertation on the geography of the Ozark highlands (published in 1920) and received his doctorate degree in 1915. Sauer married Laura Lorena Schowengerdt[2] on December 30, 1913; they had two children, a daughter and a son.[3] Their son, Jonathan D. Sauer, became a professor of geography, specializing in plant geography.[4]

Career

In 1915 Sauer joined the University of Michigan as an instructor in geography and was promoted to full professor in 1922. While at Michigan he became involved in public land use policy. He became concerned about the clear-cutting of pine forests in the state and the resulting ecological harm. In 1922 he played a major role in the establishment of the Michigan Land Economic Survey.[3]

In 1923 Sauer left Michigan to become a professor of geography and founding chairman of the Geography Department at the University of California, Berkeley.[3] He replaced Ruliff S. Holway as professor.[5] He served as chair for more than thirty years, creating a distinctive American school of geography. Shortly after his arrival he began a program of fieldwork in Mexico that continued into the 1940s. Initially he focused on the contemporary landscapes of Mexico but his interests grew to include the early Spanish presence in the region and the prehistoric Indian cultures of northwestern Mexico. He worked closely with other departments, especially anthropology and history.[3]

The scope of Sauer's work expanded in scope to include investigations into the timing of man's arrival in the Americas; the geography of Indian populations; and the development of agriculture and native crops in the Americas.[6]

Influence

Carl Sauer's paper "The Morphology of Landscape"[7] was probably the most influential article contributing to the development of ideas on cultural landscapes[8][9][10][11] and is still cited today. However, Sauer's paper was really about his own vision for the discipline of geography, which was to establish the discipline on a phenomenological basis, rather than being specifically concerned with cultural landscapes. "Every field of knowledge is characterized by its declared preoccupation with a certain group of phenomena," according to Sauer.[12] Geography was assigned the study of areal knowledge or landscapes or chorology—following the thoughts of Alfred Hettner.[13] "Within each landscape there are phenomena that are not simply there but are either associated or independent of each other." Sauer saw the geographer's task as being to discover the areal connection between phenomena.[14] Thus "the task of geography is conceived as the establishment of a critical system which embraces the phenomenology of landscape, in order to grasp in all of its meaning and colour the varied terrestrial scene"[15] A collection of Sauer's letters while doing fieldwork in South America has been published.[16]

Sauer was a fierce critic of environmental determinism, which was the prevailing theory in geography when he began his career. He proposed instead an approach variously called "landscape morphology" or "cultural history." This approach involved the inductive gathering of facts about the human impact on the landscape over time. Sauer rejected positivism, preferring particularist and historicist understandings of the world. He drew on the work of anthropologist Alfred Kroeber and later critics accused him of introducing a "superorganic" concept of culture into geography.[17] Sauer expressed concern about the way that modern capitalism and centralized government were destroying the cultural diversity and environmental health of the world. He believed that agriculture, and domestication of plants and animals influenced the physical environment.

After his retirement, Sauer's school of human-environment geography developed into cultural ecology, political ecology, and historical ecology. Historical ecology retains Sauer's interest in human modification of the landscape and pre-modern cultures.

Honors and awards

Sauer received numerous professional awards and honorary degrees:[18][6]

Charles P. Daly Medal, American Geographical Society, 1940

Vega Medal, Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography, 1957

Alexander von Humboldt Medal, Berlin Geographical Society, 1959

Victoria Medal, Royal Geographical Society, 1975

Phil. D., University of Heidelberg, 1956

LL.D., Syracuse University, 1958

LL.D., University of California, Berkeley, 1960

LL.D., University of Glasgow, 1965

He was named a John Simon Guggenheim Fellow in 1931[18] and served as a member of the Selection Board of the Guggenheim Memorial Foundation 1936-1965.

He was awarded an Honorary Fellowship from the American Geographical Society in 1935, and its Daly Medal in 1940.[19]

Graduate students

Sauer graduated many doctoral students, the majority completing dissertations on Latin American and Caribbean topics and thereby founding the Berkeley School of Latin Americanist Geography.[20] The first generation consisted of Sauer's own students: Fred B. Kniffen (1930), Peveril Meigs (1932), Donald Brand (1933), Henry Bruman (1940), Felix W. McBryde (1940), Robert Bowman (1941), Dan Stanislawski (1944), Robert C. West (1946), James J. Parsons (1948), Edwin Doran (1953), Philip Wagner (1953), Brigham Arnold (1954), Homer Aschmann (1954), B. LeRoy Gordon (1954), Frederick J. Simoons (1956),[21] Gordon Merrill (1957), Donald Innis (1958), Marvin W. Mikesell (1958), Carl Johannessen (1959), Clinton Edwards (1962), and Leonard Sawatzky (1967).

Among them, Parsons remained at the University of California at Berkeley and became prolific in directing Latin Americanist doctoral dissertations. His doctoral students formed the second generation of the Berkeley School: Campbell Pennington (1959), William Denevan (1963), David Harris (1963), David Radell (1964), Thomas Veblen (1975), Karl Zimmerer (1987), Paul F. Starrs (1989), John B. Wright (1990), and David J. Larson (1994). Apart from Latin America, Parsons' PhD students such as Alvin W. Urquhart (1962) also worked in Africa.

Denevan became a professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and, in turn, produced a third generation: Daniel Gade (1967), Bernard Nietschmann (1970), Roger Byrne (1972), Roland Bergmann (1974), Billie Lee Turner II (1974), Gregory Knapp (1984), Kent Mathewson (1987), John M. Treacy (1989), and Oliver Coomes (1992). Mikesell became a professor at the University of Chicago and also produced a third generation.

A member of the fourth generation, William E. Doolittle studied with Turner, earned the PhD in 1979, became a professor in the Department of Geography and the Environment at University of Texas at Austin, and has extended the school into the fifth generation: Dean P. Lambert (1992), Andrew Sluyter (1995), Emily H. Young (1995), Eric P. Perramond (1999), Phil L. Crossley (1999), Jerry O. (Joby) Bass (2003), Maria G. Fadiman (2003), and Matthew Fry (2008).[22]

Works

Sauer published twenty-one books and more than ninety papers and articles.[3] His works include:[6]

Geography of the Upper Illinois Valley and History of Development, 1916

The Geography of the Ozark Highland of Missouri, 1920

The Morphology of Landscape, 1925

Basin and Range Forms in the Chiricahua Area, 1930

The Road to Cibola, 1934

Themes of plant and animal destruction in economic history, 1938

Environment and culture during the last deglaciation, 1948

Agricultural Origins and Dispersals, 1952

The Early Spanish Main, 1966

Sixteenth Century North America: The Land and People as Seen by Europeans, 1971

Bill Baddeley

William Pye Baddeley was an Anglican priest who was the Dean of Brisbane from 1958 to 1967.

He was born in Shropshire on 20 March 1914, the son of the French singer Louise Bourdin. His mother had married a composer, William Clinton-Baddeley, in 1896, with whom she had several children, including the actresses Angela and Hermione Baddeley. By 1914 Clinton-Baddeley had left, and Bourdin had taken in lodgers. It was to one of these, known only as 'Uncle Pye', that William Bye Baddeley was born. The young William was given away to a family in Fulham, where his birth was registered. Unlike his half-sisters, who were educated privately, Baddeley was educated at a local school. He drifted into the orbit of the Rev Cyril Easthaugh at St John the Divine, Kennington. Eastaugh arranged for Baddeley to attend a crammer at Tatterford, Norfolk, run by the Rev William Hand (whose son David would become the first Archbishop of the Anglican Church of Papua New Guinea).

From Tatterford he went on to St Chad's College, Durham and trained for ordination at Cuddesdon, Oxford. He was ordained deacon in 1941 and priest in 1942, and served curacies at St Luke's, Camberwell (1941-1944), St Anne's Church, Wandsworth (1944-1946) and St Stephen's Church, Bournemouth (1946-1949).

He was then appointed Vicar of St Pancras (1949–58), for whose restoration he is credited with having raised £60,000. During that time, he was also Chaplain to the Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Hospital (1949-1958) and St Luke's Hospital for the Clergy (1952-1954). In 1958 he was appointed Dean of Brisbane. Upon his return to England, he was Rector of St James's, Piccadilly from 1967 to 1980, during which period restoration of Sir Christopher Wren's spire was completed after bombing in the war. He was Chaplain to the Royal Academy of Arts (1968–80), Chairman of the Malcolm Sargent Cancer Fund for Children (1968–92) and a Life Governor of the Thomas Coram Foundation for Children from 1955.

He was also active in Australian civic life when he was in Brisbane, being active in the arts as President of the Brisbane Repertory Theatre (1961–64) and Director of the Australian Elizabethan Theatre Trust (1963–67), and making television and other media appearances to which "the Australian public responded, as had his English audiences, to his joie de vivre"; as Sir James Killen recalled, "There was nothing sedating about his sermons."

He died on 31 May 1998.

Al Alvarez

Alfred Alvarez was an English poet, novelist, essayist and critic who published under the name A. Alvarez and Al Alvarez.

Alfred Alvarez was born in London, to an Ashkenazic Jewish mother and a father from a Sephardic Jewish family. He was educated at The Hall School in Hampstead, London, and then Oundle School and Corpus Christi College, Oxford, where he took a First in English. He was subsequently elected as a Jane Eliza Procter Visiting Fellow at Princeton University. After teaching briefly in Oxford and the United States, he became a full-time writer in his late twenties. From 1956 to 1966, he was the poetry editor and critic for The Observer, where he introduced British readers to John Berryman, Robert Lowell, Sylvia Plath, Zbigniew Herbert, and Miroslav Holub.

Alvarez was the author of many non-fiction books. His renowned study of suicide, The Savage God, gained added resonance from his friendship with Plath. He also wrote on divorce (Life After Marriage), dreams (Night), and the oil industry (Offshore), as well as his hobbies of poker (The Biggest Game In Town) and mountaineering (Feeding the Rat, a profile of his frequent climbing partner Mo Anthoine). His 1999 autobiography is entitled Where Did It All Go Right?

His 1962 poetry anthology The New Poetry was hailed at the time as a fresh departure. It championed the American style, in relation to the perceived excessive 'gentility' of British poetry of the time. In 2010, he was awarded the Benson Medal by the Royal Society of Literature.

In July 1989 Alvarez made an extended appearance on the Channel 4 discussion programme After Dark to discuss gambling alongside, among others, Victor Lownes and David Berglas. Alvarez was portrayed by Jared Harris in the 2003 film Sylvia, which chronicles the troubled relationship between Plath and her husband Ted Hughes.

He died at the age of 90 from viral pneumonia.

R.L. Holdsworth

Romilly Lisle Holdsworth, commonly known as R. L. Holdsworth, was an English scholar, academic, educationalist, cricketer and a distinguished Himalayan mountaineer. He was a member of the first expedition to Kamet in 1931, which included other stalwarts such as Eric Shipton and Frank Smythe. Holdsworth, along with Shipton and Smythe, are credited with the discovery of the Valley of Flowers, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site, during their return from Kamet.

Holdsworth was educated at Repton School, where he was a pupil of Victor Gollancz, later a famous publisher. He attended Repton under the headmastership of William Temple, the future Archbishop of Canterbury. He later attended the University of Oxford, where he read Literae Humaniores or Classics at Magdalen College. At Oxford he earned a Triple Blue for cricket, football and boxing. He was a first-class batsman and played cricket for Sussex, Warwickshire and Marylebone Cricket Club.

Holdsworth briefly served in the First World War as a lieutenant in the Rifle Brigade in 1918 (he served until 1919), after leaving Repton.

Holdsworth held various distinguished positions in his lifetime. In 1922, he joined Harrow School as a schoolmaster. He was made the master-in-charge of cricket and played for Sussex County Cricket Club. In order to encourage ski mountaineering at Harrow, he established a club called the Marmots. After leaving Harrow in 1933, he took over as principal of Islamia College in Peshawar, Pakistan (at the time in British India), in which position he served for seven years until 1940, when he joined The Doon School in Dehradun. At Doon, he met his old colleague J. A. K. Martyn, whom he had known since his days at Harrow. Martyn was the second headmaster of Doon School.

He later retired in Somerset, England.

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