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INTRO

23 December, 2022

Rajan Bala

Rajan Bala, full name Natarajan Balasubramaniam, was a noted Indian columnist on cricket.

Best known as someone who toured with every Indian cricket team from 1968 to 2003, Rajan Bala was technically accomplished in cricket techniques even though he was a journalist. In 1997 Sachin Tendulkar, who was having some problems with his technique, approached him for advice.

Rajan was not afraid to back a player who he felt had potential. A graduate of the London School of Economics, he decided to trust his heart and involve himself in cricket. Rajan earned the respect of many all-time great cricketers including Tiger Pataudi. He also wrote many books on cricket, including biographies of Tendulkar and Bhagwat Chandrasekhar.

Rajan died in Bangalore on 9 October 2009 due to kidney failure. His last book, a memoir titled Days Well Spent, was released a month later. He was 63 years old, and was survived by his wife and two sons

Peter Baxter

Peter Baxter is a former producer for BBC radio, best known as the producer of the programme of live cricket commentary, Test Match Special.

Baxter joined the BBC in September 1965 after a spell in British Forces Broadcasting. He first worked on Test Match Special in 1966 and produced the programme from 1973–2007.

He co-ordinated the BBC's cricket coverage from every one of the Test-playing nations, and was also frequently part of the commentary team himself. Baxter commentated on the end of the 1992 World Cup Final between England and Pakistan in Melbourne. In 2001 he was locked out of the ground by the groundsman at Galle, in Sri Lanka; he and BBC cricket correspondent Jonathan Agnew eventually watched the action from a nearby fort.[citation needed] Baxter retired on 19 June 2007—with his last TMS production going off the air at 18:30. He was succeeded by Adam Mountford, the former cricket producer of BBC Radio Five Live.

In tandem with his work on cricket he was also the rugby union producer for eight years and the University Boat Race producer throughout the 1980s. He is a Fellow of The Radio Academy and president of the Bedfordshire Cricket Board and Metro Blind Sports. In December 2009 Baxter started a regular podcast on the cricket website thecricketer.com. He has edited several books with the Test Match Special team and on his own account, 'World Cup - Cricket's Clash of the Titans', 'The Best Views From the Boundary', the autobiographical 'Inside the Box' and 'Can Anyone Hear Me?' on experiences with Test Match Special on tour.

Abe Levitow

Abraham Levitow was an American animator who worked at Warner Bros. Cartoons, UPA and MGM Animation/Visual Arts. He is best known for his work under Chuck Jones' direction.

Levitow was born on July 2, 1922 in Los Angeles, California to William Levitow and Sarah Schlafmitz. He began working as an in-betweener and assistant animator at Warner Bros. Cartoons in 1940 at the age of 17. Levitow briefly left Warner Brothers when he was drafted during World War II working on training films, in which during that time he met Stan Lee and became close friends with him. Levitow returned to the studio, working as an assistant animator for Ken Harris under the Chuck Jones unit, and he was later promoted to animator in 1950 and would receive his first animations credit in 1953 for the cartoon Wild Over You. He worked steadily for Jones over the remainder of the 1950s, and directed several cartoons for release in 1959, including the Pepé Le Pew cartoon "Really Scent". While working under Jones, he made characters' joints more angular than most other animators. Those characters with fur (Wile E. Coyote, for example) looked especially shaggy in Levitow's scenes.

Levitow joined UPA in 1958 to work on the Mr. Magoo feature 1001 Arabian Nights, staying behind even after the studio was sold to Henry G. Saperstein. In 1962, he directed the first feature-length animated television special, Mr. Magoo's Christmas Carol. 1962 also saw the release of his theatrical feature Gay Purr-ee, with the voices of Robert Goulet, Judy Garland, and others. By 1962, he was working with Jones at MGM as an animator and a director in the Tom and Jerry series. He co-directed the feature film The Phantom Tollbooth with Chuck Jones at MGM. In addition, he worked with UPA on more Mr. Magoo cartoons, including The Famous Adventures of Mr. Magoo, and also collaborated with Chuck again on the program Curiosity Shop through Format Films. He animated on the Chuck Jones-produced A Christmas Carol, directed by Richard Williams at Williams' London studio in 1971.

In 1972, he and producer Dave Hanson founded Levitow/Hanson Films. The studio produced several animated pieces for Sesame Street, the most notable being Willie Wimple. His last completed project was B.C.: The First Thanksgiving, which aired in November of 1973.

At the time of his death on May 8, 1975, Levitow was in line to direct the animated feature film Raggedy Ann & Andy: A Musical Adventure.

Josef Lada

Josef Lada was a Czech painter, illustrator and writer. He is best known as the illustrator of Jaroslav Hašek's World War I novel The Good Soldier Švejk, having won the Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis in 1963.

Lada was born on December 17, 1887 in the small village of Hrusice in a cobbler's family, he went to Prague at the age of 14 to become an apprentice binder. Entirely self-taught, he created his own style as a caricaturist for newspapers, and later as an illustrator. He produced landscapes, created frescoes and designed costumes for plays and films. Over the years he created a series of paintings and drawings depicting traditional Czech occupations, and wrote and illustrated the adventures of Mikeš, a little black cat who could talk.

Lada produced nearly 600 cartoons of the Švejk characters, depicting Austria-Hungary officers and civil servants as incompetent, abusive and often drunk. All subsequent editions of Švejk used Lada's illustrations, except for the 2008/2009 Czech edition illustrated by Petr Urban.

Lada died on December 14, 1957.

Karl Theodor Freiherr von und zu Guttenberg

Karl Theodor Maria Georg Achaz Eberhardt Josef Freiherr von und zu Guttenberg was a German politician of the Christian Social Union of Bavaria (CSU). He was parliamentary secretary of state in the Chancellor's Office in the government of Kurt Georg Kiesinger from 1967 until 1969, as well as the foreign policy spokesman of the CDU/CSU group in the Bundestag. 

Guttenberg served as an officer during World War II, but was punished for anti-Nazi statements and became, through his uncle Karl Ludwig Freiherr von und zu Guttenberg, a member of the anti-Nazi resistance in the German army. While his uncle was imprisoned after the 20 July plot and executed shortly before the war's end, Karl Theodor zu Guttenberg was taken prisoner of war by the British, and soon after started to work for British propaganda, including the Soldatensender Calais.

Guttenberg owned large estates in Franconia, several hotels as well as the winery Weingut Reichsrat von Buhl in the Palatinate. Himself a member of the House of Guttenberg, he married Rosa Sophie Prinzessin von Arenberg, of the House of Arenberg, in 1943. Their son Enoch zu Guttenberg became a conductor as well as inherited Weingut Reichsrat von Buhl. His grandson is the politician and former federal government minister Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg.

He became a member of the CSU in 1946, and was a member of the Bundestag from 1957 to 1972, where he represented Kulmbach. In the Bundestag, he was a noted public speaker and was for several years the foreign policy spokesman of the CDU/CSU group. Guttenberg was a fierce critic of the Ostpolitik of Willy Brandt. After Brandt's government had recognized the existence of "a second German state" (the German Democratic Republic), he called it a "dark hour". While most of the CDU/CSU group abstained during the vote on the Basic Treaty, 1972, Guttenberg voted against.

A Roman Catholic, Guttenberg became a Knight of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre in 1957. He received the Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1972.

He died of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in 1972, aged 51.

Philip Rosenthal

Philip Rosenthal was a German industrialist, socialite and Social Democratic Party politician. In 1950, Rosenthal regained control of the family's company Rosenthal AG after the fall of Nazi Germany. In 1968, Rosenthal was awarded the Bavarian Order of Merit and in 1981, the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany. From 1970 to 1971, he served as Germany's Parliamentary Secretary of State under the Ministry of Economic Affairs. 

Rosenthal was born on October 23, 1916, in Berlin, Germany, he was the only son of porcelain manufacturer Philipp Rosenthal from his second marriage to Maria Rosenthal. He attended the Lyceum Alpinum Zuoz and the Wittelsbacher-Gymnasium in Munich. With the rise of Nazism, and because of his Jewish origin, he and his family had to emigrate to England in 1934. He then worked in the Foreign Office's propaganda department, among others, with the Soldatensender Calais.

In 1947, at the request of the family, he went to Selb for the Wiedergutmachung restitution claims. In 1950, Philip Rosenthal joined the paternal porcelain company, Rosenthal AG, and became head of the design department in 1952. From 1958 to 1970 and 1972 to 1981 he was chairman of the board. During this time, the company had more than 10,000 employees. From 1981 to 1989, he served as chairman of the supervisory board. As one of the first German entrepreneurs, he introduced a participation system for employees in 1963, "say and have" by means of co-determination and asset formation in productive capital. In 1968, Rosenthal made headlines when he passed his private share of company ownership in a testamentary way to a foundation for the training of workers to executive staff.

In addition, Philip Rosenthal was president of the German Design Council (1977-1986), chairman of the Bauhaus Archives in Berlin and chairman of the Association of the Ceramic Industry. His central concern as a person and entrepreneur was the "designed environment" with original art and contemporary design to enhance the quality of life of the individual. In collaboration with outstanding artists and designers from around the world, Philip Rosenthal succeeded in the late 1950s and 1960s to make the Rosenthal studio line a recognized model for modern design. From the porcelain factory of his father became a company for contemporary table and living culture. In 1988, Philip Rosenthal was appointed professor of design at the Bremen University of the Arts.

One of his guiding principles was: "Whoever thinks too late of the costs ruins his company. Whoever thinks too early of the cost kills creativity."

In 1969, he joined the Social Democratic Party (SPD) and was elected to the Bundestag in the same year and in 1972 as a direct candidate in the Goslar - Wolfenbüttel electoral district, then to the Bavarian national list of his party. In September 1970, the entrepreneur became Parliamentary Secretary of State under the Ministry of Economic Affairs under Karl Schiller. However, he withdrew from the office in November 1971 due to differences with the latter about the pace of implementation of the employee participation in productive capacity In 1980, he was a member of the SPD Group.

Striving for social justice in the interaction between companies and employees was a dominant theme in his life.

Rosenthal was known as Germany's Emperor of China. A People profile on Rosenthal referred to the tycoons' company stating the "Rosenthal trademark is to china and glassware what Mercedes-Benz is to cars". He was notorious for his eccentric personality and lifestyle. Married four times, Rosenthal had numerous extramarital affairs that were regularly published in German tabloids.

Along with his family he lived primarily in the 18th-century Erkersreuth Castle near his celebrated ceramics factories in the West German town of Selb. Although he spent much of his life traveling with his five children and wife in a Volkswagen Bus with a red rowing scull on the roof. He designed and lead his family on segmented circle tour of Europe over the course of 20 years; starting a new segment of their hike or row at exactly the point where they last left off. His bedroom at the castle consisted of a mattress set on sand-colored carpeting, with tentlike drapes covering the walls and ceiling. He smoked cigars and used his home tanning bed frequently. His longest marriage was to Lavinia Day, twenty years his junior. Day is closely related to playwright, Clarence Day, and publisher Benjamin Day. The couple had four children, Shealagh, Philip Jr, Toby, and Julie. Philip Jr. briefly worked as Rosenthal's CEO and now runs Könitz Porzellan and Waechtersbach ceramics. His eldest daughter Shealagh Alison Macleod De Bourges Day Rosenthal, an artist and art dealer, is married to writer, Doron Weber.

Rosenthal died September 27, 2001, in Selb, Germany and is interred in a Rosenthal porcelain vase in Erkersreuth Castle's garden.

Egon Bahr

Egon Karl-Heinz Bahr was a German SPD politician.

The former journalist was the creator of the Ostpolitik promoted by West German Chancellor Willy Brandt, for whom he served as Secretary of State in the German Chancellery from 1969 until 1972. Between 1972 and 1990 he was an MP in the Bundestag of the Federal Republic of Germany and from 1972 until 1976 was also a Minister of the Federal Government.

Bahr was a key figure in multiple negotiation sessions between not only East and West Germany, but also West Germany and the Soviet Union. In addition to his instrumental role in Ostpolitik, Bahr was also an influential voice in negotiating the Treaty of Moscow, the Treaty of Warsaw, the Transit Treaty of 1971, and the Basic Treaty of 1972.

Bahr was born on March 18, 1922 in Treffurt, in the Prussian Province of Saxony, the son of Hedwig and Karl Bahr, a high school teacher. After completing his secondary education in 1940, Bahr continued his education as an industrial specialist at the Rheinmetall-Borsig armament corporation in Berlin. During World War II, Bahr served as a soldier in the Wehrmacht from 1942 until 1944, ultimately in the capacity of “Fahnenjunker” (cadet) in the Luftkriegsschule VI in Kitzingen. He was, however, demoted after being accused of being non-Aryan (on account of his Jewish grandmother) and, thus, having “sneaked into the Wehrmacht.” Thereafter, he received a posting as an armaments worker at Rheinmetall-Borsig.

After the war, Bahr worked as a journalist at the Berliner Zeitung, one of West Berlin’s prominent daily newspapers. He later worked at two other West Berliner periodicals, the Allgemeine Zeitung (West Berlin) and Der Tagesspiegel (West Berlin). From 1950 to 1960, he served as chief commentator of the Bonn bureau of RIAS, (“ Rundfunk im amerikanischen Sektor”, or “Broadcasting in the American Sector”). In 1959, he received his posting as press attaché to the West German Embassy in Ghana. From 1984 to 1994, Bahr served as the Director of the Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg, from which he received an honorary professorship in 1984. Bahr was married and had three children. 

On August 19, 2015 Bahr died at the age of 93.

Heereman von Zuydtwyck

Constantin Heereman von Zuydtwyck was a German farmer and politician.

He was born on December 17, 1931 and went to school at Aloisiuskolleg in Bonn. Heereman von Zuydtwyck was a member of Christian Democratic Union of Germany. From 1967 to 1979 Heereman von Zuydtwyck was president of Deutscher Bauernverband. From 1995 to 2003 he was president of Deutscher Jagdverband. From 1983 to 1990 Heereman von Zuydtwyck was member of German Bundestag. He was from 1974 to 1998 president of Landwirtschaftliche Rentenbank. He married Margarethe Freiin von Wrede-Melschede (1931–2007) in 1956. He had four daughters and a son Philipp Freiherr Heereman von Zuydtwyck.

He died on July 26, 2017.

Raymond Moley

Raymond Charles Moley was an American political economist.

Moley was born September 27, 1886 to Felix James and Agnes Fairchild Moley, he was educated at Baldwin-Wallace College and Oberlin College and received his PhD from Columbia University in 1918. He taught in several schools in Ohio until 1914. In 1916 he was appointed instructor and assistant professor of politics at Western Reserve University and from 1919 was director of the Cleveland Foundation. In 1918–19 he was also director of Americanization work under the Ohio State Council of Defense. He joined the Barnard College faculty in 1923, then became a professor of law at Columbia University from 1928–1954, where he was a specialist on the criminal justice system.

Moley supported then-New York Governor Franklin Roosevelt, and it was Moley who recruited fellow Columbia professors to form the original "Brain Trust" to advise Roosevelt during his presidential campaign of 1932. Despite ridicule from editorial and political cartoonists, the "Brain Trust" went to Washington and became powerful figures in Roosevelt's New Deal, with Moley writing important speeches for the president. For example, he wrote the majority of Roosevelt's first inaugural address, although he is not credited with penning the famous line, "the only thing we have to fear is fear itself." He was responsible for FDR's use of the term "the Forgotten Man" in earlier speeches. He claimed credit for inventing the term "New Deal," though its precise provenance remains open to debate. Moley also wrote various pamphlets and articles on the teaching of government. Praising the new president's first moves in March 1933, he concluded that capitalism "was saved in eight days."

In mid-1933 Moley began his break with Roosevelt, and although he continued to write speeches for the president until 1936, he became increasingly critical of his policies, eventually becoming a conservative Republican. He wrote a column for Newsweek magazine from 1937 to 1968, and became an early contributor to the free market publication The Freeman, and, later, the nation's leading conservative periodical, National Review. In these roles, he became one of the best known critics of the New Deal and liberalism in general. Moley's After Seven Years (New York: 1939) was one of the first in-depth attacks on the New Deal. However he was also a trenchant critic of fascism, as his participation in a March 1934 mock-trial event in New York City condemning Nazi Germany, titled “The Case of Civilization Against Hitler,” indicates. It was attended by 20,000 New Yorkers and featured Mayor La Guardia, Rabbi Wise, Governor Alfred E. Smith. 

Moley was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Richard Nixon on April 22, 1970.

Moley died on February 18, 1975.

Douglas Jardine

Douglas Robert Jardine was an English cricketer who played 22 Test matches for England, captaining the side in 15 of those matches between 1931 and 1934. A right-handed batsman, he is best known for captaining the English team during the 1932–33 Ashes tour of Australia. During that series, England employed "Bodyline" tactics against the Australian batsmen, headed by Donald Bradman, wherein bowlers pitched the ball short on the line of leg stump to rise towards the bodies of the batsmen in a manner that most contemporary players and critics viewed as intimidatory and physically dangerous. As captain, Jardine was the person responsible for the implementation of Bodyline.

A controversial figure among cricketers, partially for what was perceived by some to be an arrogant and patrician manner, he was well known for his dislike of Australian players and crowds, and thus was unpopular in Australia, especially so after the Bodyline tour. However, many who played under his leadership regarded him as an excellent and dedicated captain. He was also famous in cricket circles for wearing a multi-coloured Harlequin cap.

Douglas Jardine was born on 23 October 1900 in Bombay, British India, to Scottish parents, Malcolm Jardine—a former first-class cricketer who became a barrister—and Alison Moir. At the age of nine, he was sent to St Andrews in Scotland to stay with his mother's sister. He attended Horris Hill School, near Newbury, Berkshire, from May 1910. There, Jardine was moderately successful academically, and from 1912, he played cricket for the school first eleven, enjoying success as a bowler and as a batsman. He led the team in his final year, and the team were unbeaten under his captaincy. As a schoolboy, Jardine was influenced by the writing of former England captain C. B. Fry on batting technique, which contradicted the advice of his coach at Horris Hill. The coach disapproved of Jardine's batting methods, but Jardine did not back down and quoted a book by Fry to support his viewpoint.

In 1914, Jardine entered Winchester College. At the time, life for pupils at Winchester was arduous and austere; discipline was harsh. Sport and exercise were vital parts of the school day. In Jardine's time, preparing the pupils for war was also important. According to Jardine's biographer, Christopher Douglas, the pupils were "taught to be honest, practical, impervious to physical pain, uncomplaining and civilised." All pupils were required to be academically competent and as such Jardine was able to get along satisfactorily without exhibiting academic brilliance; successful sportsmen, on the other hand, were revered. Jardine enjoyed a slightly better position than some pupils, already possessing a reputation as a very fine cricketer and excelling at other sports; he represented the school at football as a goalkeeper and rackets, and played Winchester College football. But it was at cricket that he particularly excelled. He was in the first eleven for three years from 1917 and received coaching from Harry Altham, Rockley Wilson and Schofield Haigh, the latter two of whom were distinguished cricketers. In 1919, his final year, Jardine came top of the school batting averages with 997 runs at an average of 66.46. He also became captain despite some doubts within the school about his ability to unify the team. Under Jardine, Winchester won their annual match against Eton College in 1919, a fixture in which Eton had usually held the upper hand. Jardine's batting (35 and 89 in the match) and captaincy were key factors in his side's first victory over Eton for 12 years. Years later, after his retirement from cricket, he named his 89 in that match as his personal favourite innings. Jardine went on to score 135 not out against Harrow School.

Jardine's achievements in the season were widely reported in the local and national press. He played two representative matches, for the best schoolboy cricketers, at Lord's Cricket Ground, scored 44, 91, 57 and 55 and won favourable reviews in the press. Wisden, in 1928, described Jardine at this time as being obviously of a much higher standard than his contemporaries, particularly in defence and on side batting. However, he was criticised for being occasionally too cautious and not using all the batting strokes of which he was capable—his good batting technique gave the impression that he could easily score more quickly if he so desired.

After establishing an early reputation as a prolific schoolboy batsman, Jardine played cricket for Winchester College, attended the University of Oxford, playing for its cricket team, and then played for Surrey County Cricket Club as an amateur. He developed a stubborn, defensive method of batting which was considered unusual for an amateur at the time, and he received occasional criticism for negative batting. Nonetheless, Jardine was selected in Test matches for the first time in 1928, and went on to play with some success in the Test series in Australia in 1928–29. Following this tour, his business commitments prevented him from playing as much cricket. However, in 1931, he was asked to captain England in a Test against New Zealand. Although there were some initial misgivings about his captaincy, Jardine led England in the next three cricket seasons and on two overseas tours, one of which was the Australian tour of 1932–33. Of his 15 Tests as captain, he won nine, drew five and lost only one. He retired from all first-class cricket in 1934 following a tour to India.

Although Jardine was a qualified solicitor he did not work much in law, choosing instead to devote most of his working life to banking and, later on, journalism. He joined the Territorial Army in the Second World War and spent most of it posted in India. After the war, he worked as company secretary at a paper manufacturer and also returned to journalism. 

While on a business trip in 1957, he became ill with what proved to be lung cancer and died, aged 57, on June 18, 1958.

Wilfred Rhodes

Wilfred Rhodes was an English professional cricketer who played 58 Test matches for England between 1899 and 1930. In Tests, Rhodes took 127 wickets and scored 2,325 runs, becoming the first Englishman to complete the double of 1,000 runs and 100 wickets in Test matches. He holds the world records both for the most appearances made in first-class cricket (1,110 matches), and for the most wickets taken (4,204). He completed the double of 1,000 runs and 100 wickets in an English cricket season a record 16 times. Rhodes played for Yorkshire and England into his fifties, and in his final Test in 1930 was, at 52 years and 165 days, the oldest player who has appeared in a Test match.

Rhodes was born in the village of Kirkheaton, just outside Huddersfield, on October 29,1877. His family moved to a farm two miles away while he was very young. He went to school in nearby Hopton, and later to Spring Grove School in Huddersfield. His father, Alfred Rhodes, was captain of the Kirkheaton cricket team's Second XI and encouraged his son to play cricket, buying him equipment and having a pitch laid near their home for Wilfred to practice. By the time Rhodes left school, aged 16, he had joined Kirkheaton Cricket Club and started to take cricket seriously: he watched Yorkshire when they played close to his home and began to consider a career as a professional cricketer. Around 1893 he took a job working on the railway in the local town of Mirfield. By now playing regularly for Kirkheaton Second XI, Rhodes's keenness to reach one game on time led him to ring the off-duty bell before the end of the shift and as a result he lost his job. Subsequently, he worked on a local farm, which allowed him more time for cricket. By 1895 he achieved a place in the Kirkheaton first team, and was recommended to Gala Cricket Club, of Galashiels, Scotland, as a professional.

Beginning his career for Yorkshire in 1898 as a slow left arm bowler who was a useful batsman, Rhodes quickly established a reputation as one of the best slow bowlers in the world. However, by the First World War he had developed his batting skills to the extent that he was regarded as one of the leading batsmen in England and had established an effective opening partnership with Jack Hobbs. The improvement in Rhodes's batting was accompanied by a temporary decline in his bowling performances, but the loss of key Yorkshire bowlers after the war led to Rhodes resuming his role as a front-line bowler. He played throughout the 1920s as an all-rounder before retiring after the 1930 cricket season. His first appearance for England was in 1899 and he played regularly in Tests until 1921. Recalled to the team in the final Ashes Test of 1926 aged 48, Rhodes played a significant part in winning the match for England who thus regained the Ashes for the first time since 1912. He ended his Test career in the West Indies in April 1930.

As a bowler, Rhodes was noted for his great accuracy, variations in flight and, in his early days, sharp spin. Throughout his career he was particularly effective on wet, rain affected pitches where he could bowl sides out for very low scores. His batting was regarded as solid and dependable but unspectacular, and critics accused him of excessive caution at times. However, they considered him to be an astute cricket thinker. Following his retirement from playing cricket, he coached at Harrow School but was not a great success. His eyesight began to fail from around 1939 to the point where he was completely blind by 1952. He was given honorary membership of the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in 1949 and remained a respected figure within the game until his death on July 8, 1973.


John Bauer

John Albert Bauer was a Swedish painter and illustrator. He is best known for his illustrations of early editions of Bland tomtar och troll (Among Gnomes and Trolls), an anthology of Swedish folklore and fairy tales.

Bauer was born on June 4, 1882 and raised in Jönköping. At 16 he moved to Stockholm to study at the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts. While there he received his first commissions to illustrate stories in books and magazines, and met the artist Ester Ellqvist, whom he married in 1906. He traveled throughout Lappland, Germany and Italy early in his career, and these cultures deeply informed his work. He painted and illustrated in a romantic nationalistic style, in part influenced by the Italian Renaissance and Sami cultures. Most of his works are watercolors or prints in monochrome or muted colours; he also produced oil paintings and frescos. His illustrations and paintings broadened the understanding and appreciation of Swedish folklore, fairy tales and landscape.

When Bauer was 36 on November 20, 1918, he drowned, together with Ester and their son Bengt, in a shipwreck on Lake Vättern in southern Sweden.

Friedrich Nowottny

Friedrich Nowottny is a German television journalist.

Nowottny worked as director of German broadcaster WDR. He lives in Swisttal-Buschhoven near Bonn.

Vincenzo Gemito

Vincenzo Gemito was an Italian sculptor and artist.

Although he worked in various studios of well-known artists in his native Naples, Rome and Paris, he is considered to have largely been self-taught, the reason he produced such distinctive works for that time, replacing sentiment with outstanding realism. His work was part of the sculpture event in the art competition at the 1924 Summer Olympics.

Gemito was born was born on July 16, 1852 in Naples to a poor woodcutter's family. The day after his birth, his mother left him on the steps of the dell'Annunziata orphanage and he was taken in to live with the other foundlings. He was given the surname Genito - for generato (“born” in Italian), as was common for orphans, but this somehow became Gemito in orphanage records.

On July 30, 1852, he was adopted by a young family that had recently lost a child. The father was an artisan, and as a young child Gemito was probably encouraged to use his hands. He was working as an apprentice in painter and sculptor Emanuele Caggiano's studio before he was 10 years old, demonstrating a dexterity and inventiveness which he eventually became famous for. He also worked in Stanislao Lista's studio. As a 12-year-old he was enrolled at the Naples Academy of Fine Arts (where he became a lifelong friend of artist Antonio Mancini), and also attended the Domenico Maggiore Academy for night classes.

He moulded the terracotta piece, The Player, (Il Giocatore), one of his most famous works, when only 16 years old. It created excitement when exhibited at the Promotrice in Naples, so much so that King Victor Emmanuel II purchased it and presented it to the Museo di Capodimonte for permanent display.

Gemito moved to Paris in 1877 where he found a great friend in noted French artist Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier. As he was creating new works in various media in Paris, he also exhibited his works in noted salons and galleries, and at the Universal Exposition of 1878. It was at the Paris Salon the previous year where he experienced a triumph, with the showing of his Neapolitan Fisherboy, which he had worked on for some years to perfect. The acclaim surrounding that work brought him widespread fame, and lucrative commissions for portraits. He remained in Paris three years before returning to Naples (1880) after his partner died. He went to Capri for a short time, where he married Anna Cutolo.

In 1883 he once again demonstrated his determination to work outside the norm when he constructed his own foundry on the via Mergellina in Naples. He did so to revive the lost-wax process for bronze casting, which had been used during the Renaissance.

In 1887, Gemito was commissioned to create a marble statue of the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, to be erected outside the Royal Palace of Naples. Marble was the least liked medium for Gemito, and he fretted that this work was below his capabilities. He suffered a mental breakdown and withdrew to a one-room apartment, and spent periods in a mental hospital. For the next 21 years he worked on drawing but remained a recluse, and it wasn't until 1909 that he resumed sculpting to once again produce masterful works.

In his later years, Gemito turned to gold- and silver-smithing, and his intricate and delicate works are much admired today.

Gemito died on March 1, 1929.

Sir James Carroll

Sir James Carroll was a New Zealand politician of Irish and Ngāti Kahungunu descent. Beginning his career as an interpreter and land agent, Carroll was elected to the Eastern Maori seat in 1887. He was acting Colonial Secretary (equivalent to the Minister of Internal Affairs) from 1897 to 1899. He was the first Māori to hold the cabinet position of Minister of Native Affairs, which he held between 1899 and 1912. He was held in high regard within the Liberal Party and was acting prime minister in 1909 and 1911.

James Carroll was born on August 20, 1857 at Wairoa, one of eight children of Joseph Carroll, born in Sydney of Irish descent, and Tapuke, a Māori woman of the Ngāti Kahungunu tribe (or iwi in the Maori language). He was educated both at whare wananga (traditional Māori college) and the Wairoa native school but left early to be a farm worker. In 1870, while no more than thirteen, he was part of the Māori force pursuing Te Kooti in the Urewera, and his bravery was mentioned in dispatches. He became a cadet for the Native Department in Hawke's Bay and later in Wellington but was back on a farm by 1875. In 1881 he married Heni Materoa and they settled in Gisborne. The couple adopted several children but had none of their own.

James Carroll (second row, far right). Front row from left: Richard Seddon, Premier; Mahuta Tāwhiao, Māori King. Second row from left: Tupu Taingakawa Te Waharoa, Māori Kingmaker; Henare Kaihau, MP. Taken at Huntly, New Zealand in 1898

Carroll first stood for Parliament in 1884, unsuccessfully contesting the Eastern Maori electorate against Wi Pere. By the 1887 election, John Ballance's paternalistic Native Land Administration Act of 1886, which proposed leasing Māori lands through a government commissioner, was a major issue. Carroll, an opponent of the act, won the electorate. He was confirmed in the next election in 1890. In the 1893 election, he stood in the Waiapu electorate. From 1908, he represented the Gisborne electorate, until he was defeated in 1919.

Entering Parliament, Carroll wanted to create equality for Māori by allowing them to lease land and use the revenue to invest in their own farms. The settler preference was for freehold title, and this solution was favoured by the Atkinson Government. He was appointed in March 1892 a member of the Executive Council representing the native race, and had to support the government in compulsory acquisition.

Te Kotahitanga Māori MPs crtitcised Carroll's stance, and he decided to stand for the General Electorate of Waiapu. He won this seat in 1893, the first time a Māori was elected to a General Electorate seat.

Te Kotahitanga continued to promote a separate law-making assembly for Māori, and Carroll travelled to Māori communities speaking out against separatism. In 1899, he became Native Minister in the Liberal Government, the first person of Māori descent to hold this office. He established the Māori Councils Act, which allowed local Māori committees to deal with health, sanitation and liquor control, and the Māori land councils, controlled by Māori and which could sell or lease land.

The settler view was that much of the North Island under Māori control should be developed, and Carroll as Native Minister to 1912 was under pressure to allow more land sales. Many Māori consider that he made too many concessions, but he always fought for the rights of Māori at a time when there was little support for his views.

Twice in the Liberal Government, Carroll acted as Prime Minister, and his status was confirmed by the awarding in 1911 of the KCMG, becoming the first Maori to be knighted. Carroll continued to represent the general electorate of Gisborne until 1919, when he was defeated by Douglas Lysnar.

On 2 September 1921, Carroll was appointed to the Legislative Council by Prime Minister William Massey. From the Upper House of New Zealand, he was able to support Āpirana Ngata and other rising Māori leaders.

He died suddenly in Auckland from kidney failure on October 18, 1926. His body was returned to Gisborne, where he was buried at Makaraka.

James Snow

James Wilfred Snow was a politician in Ontario, Canada. 

He was a Progressive Conservative Party member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1967 to 1985 who represented the GTA ridings of Halton East and Oakville. He served as a cabinet minister in the governments of Bill Davis and Frank Miller.

He was born on July 12, 1929 in Esquesing Township, Ontario. He was the son of Wilfred Oliver Snow and Margaret Florence Devlin. He was educated in Milton. He worked as a farmer and a carpenter and he started his own business called Snow Construction Ltd. which built houses in post war Ontario. In 1950 he also founded Snow Properties Ltd. and Oakville Investments Ltd. In 1969 he created another company in Streetville, Tube-Fab Ltd. which made aircraft parts. In 1953 he married Barbara Hughes and together they raised four children.

Snow was elected to the Ontario legislature in the 1967 provincial election defeating Liberal candidate Robin Skuce by 164 votes in Halton East. He served as a backbench supporter of premier John Robarts for the next four years. In 1967 he introduced a resolution urging the province to adopt Canada's national building code. On March 1, 1971, he was named a minister without portfolio when Davis replaced Robarts as Premier. He was re-elected with a much increased majority in the 1971 election. He was promoted to Minister of Public Works and Minister of Government Services on February 2, 1972.

The Progressive Conservatives were reduced to a minority government in the 1975 election. Snow was re-elected in the redistributed riding of Oakville, and was promoted to Minister of Transportation and Communications on October 7, 1975.

During his time as minister, he introduced mandatory seat belt legislation for adults and child restraint seats for children. In 1981, he approved the extension of Highway 404 before the completion of an environmental assessment. Even though his deputy minister claimed responsibility, he personally paid the $3,500 fine. In 1983, he pushed for the construction of a 3.4 kilometre highway linking his home town of Milton to Highway 401. He claimed that it was needed to increase industrial development.

Snow supported Frank Miller to succeed Davis as party leader in January 1985, and was retained in Miller's portfolio as a minister without portfolio responsible for Urban Transit. He retired from politics in 1985.

Snow self-published an autobiography after leaving political life, and purchased a golf course in Hornby, Ontario. He donated his family wheelchair van to the Lions Foundation of Canada in August 2005.

In 2006 Snow and his wife Barbara donated half-a-million dollars to the Milton District Hospital Foundation's CT Scanner Campaign. The complex housing the scanner is named the "James and Barbara Snow Family Trust Diagnostic Imaging Annex".

The town of Milton, Ontario renamed Fourth Line (in the former Trafalgar Township) James Snow Parkway (Halton Regional Road 4), with initial approval for an interchange with Highway 401 coming in 1979. It was upgraded in the early 1980s to become a major arterial road, and is in the process of being extended on both north and south ends. The overpass of the James Snow Parkway at Highway 401 was damaged in 1986 when it was hit by a fuel tanker that caught fire, necessitating that the bridge deck be entirely replaced. It was renamed after James Snow paid to pave the road extended over the 401 so he could get home faster.

Snow died on September 13, 2008 of complications from diabetes. He was 79.

B.H. Liddell Hart

Sir Basil Henry Liddell Hart was a British soldier, military historian and military theorist. He wrote a series of military histories that proved influential among strategists. Arguing that frontal assault was bound to fail at great cost in lives, as proven in the First World War, he recommended the “indirect approach" and reliance on fast-moving armoured formations.

His pre-war publications are known to have influenced German World War II strategy, though he was accused of prompting captured generals to exaggerate his part in the development of blitzkrieg tactics. He also helped promote the Rommel myth and the "clean Wehrmacht" argument for political purposes, when the Cold War necessitated the recruitment of a new West German army.

Liddell Hart was born on October 31, 1895 in Paris, the son of a Methodist minister. His name at birth was Basil Henry Hart; he added "Liddell" to his surname in 1921. His mother's side of the family, the Liddells, came from Liddesdale, on the Scottish side of the border with England, and were associated with the London and South Western Railway. The Harts were farmers from Gloucestershire and Herefordshire. As a child Liddell Hart was fascinated by aviation. He received his formal academic education at Willington School in Putney, St Paul's School in London and at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge (where he was a student of Geoffrey Butler).

On the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, Liddell Hart volunteered for the British Army, where he became an officer in the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry and served with the regiment on the Western Front. Liddell Hart's front line experience was relatively brief, confined to two short spells in the autumn and winter of 1915, being sent home from the front after suffering concussive injuries from a shell burst. He was promoted to the rank of captain. He returned to the front for a third time in 1916, in time to participate in the Battle of the Somme. He was hit three times without serious injury before being badly gassed and sent out of the line on 19 July 1916. His battalion was nearly wiped out on the first day of the offensive on 1 July, a part of the 60,000 casualties suffered in the heaviest single day's loss in British history. The experiences he suffered on the Western Front profoundly affected him for the rest of his life. Transferred to be adjutant of Volunteer units in Stroud and Cambridge which trained new recruits, he wrote several booklets on infantry drill and training, which came to the attention of General Sir Ivor Maxse, commander of the 18th (Eastern) Division. After the war, he transferred to the Royal Army Educational Corps, where he prepared a new edition of the Infantry Training Manual. In it, Liddell Hart strove to instil the lessons of 1918, and carried on a correspondence with Maxse, a commanding officer during the battles of Hamel and Amiens.

In April 1918 Liddell Hart married Jessie Stone, the daughter of J. J. Stone, who had been his assistant adjutant at Stroud, and their son Adrian was born in 1922.

Liddell Hart was placed on half-pay from 1924. He later retired from the Army in 1927. Two mild heart attacks in 1921 and 1922, probably the long-term effects of his gassing, precluded his further advancement in the small post-war army. He spent the rest of his career as a theorist and writer. In 1924, he became a lawn tennis correspondent and assistant military correspondent for The Morning Post covering Wimbledon and in 1926, publishing a collection of his tennis writings as The Lawn Tennis Masters Unveiled. He worked as the military correspondent of The Daily Telegraph from 1925 to 1935 and of The Times from 1935 to 1939.

In the mid-to-late 1920s Liddell Hart wrote a series of histories of major military figures through which he advanced his ideas that the frontal assault was a strategy bound to fail at great cost in lives. He argued that the tremendous losses Britain suffered in the Great War were caused by its commanding officers not appreciating that fact of history. He believed the British decision in 1914 of directly intervening on the Continent with a great army was a mistake. He claimed that historically, "the British way in warfare" was to leave Continental land battles to her allies, intervening only through naval power, with the army fighting the enemy away from its principal front in a "limited liability" commitment.

In his early writings on mechanised warfare, Liddell Hart had proposed that infantry be carried along with the fast-moving armoured formations. He described them as "tank marines" like the soldiers the Royal Navy carried with their ships. He proposed they be carried along in their own tracked vehicles and dismount to help take better-defended positions that otherwise would hold up the armoured units. That doctrine, similar to the mechanized infantry of later decades, contrasted with J.F.C. Fuller's ideas of a tank army, which put heavy emphasis on massed armoured formations. Liddell Hart foresaw the need for a combined arms force with mobile infantry and artillery, which was similar but not identical to the make-up of the panzer divisions that Heinz Guderian developed in Germany.

According to Liddell Hart's memoirs, in a series of articles for The Times from November 1935 to November 1936, he had argued that Britain's role in the next European war should be entrusted to the air force. He theorised that Britain's air force could defeat her enemies while avoiding the high casualties and the limited influence that would come from Britain placing a large conscript army on the Continent. The ideas influenced Neville Chamberlain, then Chancellor of the Exchequer, who argued in discussions of the Defence Policy and Requirements Committee for a strong air force, rather than a large army that would fight on the Continent.

Becoming prime minister in 1937, Chamberlain placed Liddell Hart in a position of influence behind British grand strategy in the late 1930s. In May, Liddell Hart prepared schemes for the reorganisation of the British Army for the defence of the British Empire and delivered them to Sir Thomas Inskip, Minister for the Co-ordination of Defence. In June, Liddell Hart gained an introduction to the Secretary of State for War, Leslie Hore-Belisha. Through July 1938 the two had an unofficial, close advisory relationship. Liddell Hart provided Hore-Belisha with ideas, which he would argue for in Cabinet or committees. On 20 October 1937, Chamberlain wrote to Hore-Belisha, "I have been reading in Europe in Arms by Liddell Hart. If you have not already done so you might find it interesting to glance at this, especially the chapter on the 'Role of the British Army'". Hore-Belisha wrote in reply: "I immediately read the 'Role of the British Army' in Liddell Hart's book. I am impressed by his general theories."

With the German invasion of Poland in September 1939, the War Cabinet reversed the Chamberlain policy advanced by Liddell Hart. With Europe on the brink of war and Germany threatening an invasion of Poland, the cabinet chose instead to advocate a British and Imperial army of 55 divisions to intervene on the Continent by coming to the aid of Poland, Norway and France.

After the war, Liddell Hart was responsible for extensive interviews and debriefs for several high-ranking German generals, who were held by the Allies as prisoners-of-war. Liddell Hart provided commentary on their outlook. The work was published as The Other Side of the Hill (UK edition, 1948) and The German Generals Talk (condensed US edition, 1948).

A few years later, Liddell Hart had the opportunity to review the notes that Erwin Rommel had kept during the war. Rommel had kept the notes with the intention of writing of his experiences after the war; the Rommel family had previously published the notes in German as War without Hate in 1950. Some of the notes had been destroyed by Rommel, and the rest, including Rommel's letters to his wife, had been confiscated by the American authorities. With Liddell Hart's help, they were later returned to Rommel's widow. Liddell Hart then edited and condensed the book and helped integrate the new material. The writings, along with notes and commentary by former General Fritz Bayerlein and Liddell Hart, were published in 1953 as The Rommel Papers.

In 1954, Liddell Hart published his most influential work, Strategy. It was followed by a second expanded edition in 1967. The book was largely devoted to a historical study of the indirect approach and in what ways various battles and campaigns could be analyzed using that concept. Still relevant at the turn of the century, it was a factor in the development of the British manoeuvre warfare doctrine.

Liddell Hart died on January 29, 1970 at the age of 74 at his home in Marlow, Buckinghamshire.

Edmund Ironside, 1st Baron Ironside

Field Marshal William Edmund Ironside, 1st Baron Ironside was a senior officer of the British Army who served as Chief of the Imperial General Staff during the first year of the Second World War.

Ironside was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on 6 May 1880. His father, Surgeon-Major William Ironside of the Royal Horse Artillery, died shortly afterwards, leaving his widowed wife to bring up their son on a limited military pension. As the cost of living in the late nineteenth century was substantially lower in mainland Europe than in Britain, she travelled extensively around the Continent, where the young Edmund began learning various foreign languages. This grasp of language would become one of the defining features of his character; by middle age, he was fluent enough to officially interpret in seven, and was proficient in perhaps ten more.

He was educated at schools in St Andrews before being sent to Tonbridge School in Kent for his secondary education; at the age of sixteen he left Tonbridge to attend a crammer, having not shown much academic promise, and was admitted to the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, in January 1898 at the age of seventeen. At Woolwich he flourished, working hard at his studies and his sports; he took up boxing, and captained the rugby 2nd XV as well as playing for Scotland. He was built for both of these sports, six feet four inches tall and weighing seventeen stone (108 kg), for which he was nicknamed "Tiny" by his fellow students. The name stuck, and he was known by it for the rest of his life.

Ironside joined the Royal Artillery in 1899, and served throughout the Second Boer War. This was followed by a brief period spying on the German colonial forces in South-West Africa. Returning to regular duty, he served on the staff of the 6th Infantry Division during the first two years of the First World War, before being appointed to a position on the staff of the newly raised 4th Canadian Division in 1916. In 1918, he was given command of a brigade on the Western Front. In 1919, he was promoted to command the Allied intervention force in northern Russia. Ironside was then assigned to an Allied force occupying Turkey, and then to the British forces based in Persia in 1921. He was offered the post of the commander of British forces in Iraq, but was unable to take up the role due to injuries in a flying accident.

He returned to the Army as Commandant of the Staff College, Camberley, where he advocated the ideas of J. F. C. Fuller, a proponent of mechanisation. He later commanded a division, and military districts in both Britain and India, but his youth and his blunt approach limited his career prospects, and after being passed over for the role of Chief of the Imperial General Staff (CIGS) in 1937 he became Governor of Gibraltar, a traditional staging post to retirement. He was recalled from "exile" in mid-1939, being appointed as Inspector-General of Overseas Forces, a role which led most observers to expect he would be given the command of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) on the outbreak of war.

However, after some political manoeuvring, General Gort was given this command and Ironside was appointed as the new Chief of the Imperial General Staff. Ironside himself believed that he was temperamentally unsuited to the job, but felt obliged to accept it. In early 1940 he argued heavily for Allied intervention in Scandinavia, but this plan was shelved at the last minute when the Finnish-Soviet Winter War ended. During the invasion of Norway and the Battle of France he played little part; his involvement in the latter was limited by a breakdown in relations between him and Gort. He was replaced as CIGS at the end of May, and given a role to which he was more suited: Commander-in-Chief Home Forces, responsible for anti-invasion defences and for commanding the Army in the event of German landings. However, he served less than two months in this role before being replaced. After this, Ironside was promoted to Field Marshal and raised to the peerage as Baron Ironside.

Lord Ironside retired to Morley Old Hall in Norfolk to write, and never again saw active service or held any official position.

At the end of August, a month and a half after his resignation as Commander-in-Chief of Home Forces, Ironside was appointed a field marshal. He was raised to the peerage in the New Year Honours, on 29 January 1941, as "Baron Ironside of Archangel and of Ironside in the County of Aberdeen", and retired to Morley Old Hall in Norfolk with his family. He never received another military posting, and ostracised by the Army establishment, rarely visited London, and never spoke in the House of Lords.

He turned to lecturing and writing books, including a study of the Archangel expedition, and farming his estates in Norfolk. After almost two decades in retirement, having survived a driving accident, he was injured in a fall at his home; he was taken to Queen Alexandra Military Hospital in London where he died on 22 September 1959, aged 79.

Petros Márkaris

Petros Márkaris is a Greek-Armenian writer of detective novels starring the grumpy Athenian police investigator Costas Haritos.

The son of an Armenian entrepreneur and a Greek mother, he was born on January 1, 1937 as Bedros Markarian in Istanbul. He attended the St. George's Austrian High School in Istanbul and studied economics after his Abitur for some years in Vienna and in Stuttgart. The family moved to Athens in 1954, but Markaris did not settle permanently there until 1964. That year over 15,000 Greeks (Greek passport holders) were expelled from Istanbul and their properties were confiscated, a major blow for the city's millenarian Greek community. Because of his father, he belonged to the Armenian minority for many years and did not have any citizenship; he became a Greek citizen shortly after 1974, together with the rest of the Armenian minority in Greece. Markaris speaks and writes in Greek, Turkish and German. Today he lives in Athens.

Markaris wrote several plays and cooperated with Theo Angelopoulos on a number of film scripts. He translated several German dramas into Greek such as Goethe's Faust I and Faust II, as well as Brecht's Mother Courage.

The Costas Haritos series of books (twelve novels and one collection of short stories, as of 2019) are very popular in several European countries such as Greece, Germany, Italy and Spain.[citation needed] Their main hero and first person narrator is a detective in the Athenian criminal police in his fifties, with a squabbling, fairly uneducated, and TV-addicted, but dearly loved wife, an aspiring, but stubborn, law student daughter, and an unpleasant, brown-nosing boss. It is hinted several times that Haritos assisted with the torture of leftist prisoners as a very young man under the Colonels' regime, a fact he is quite ashamed of now, and which makes him insecure whenever he has to deal with political leftists of all shades (obviously a fairly common species in Greece even today). Being somewhat old-fashioned (and not always too consistent) in his personal views, he deplores the loss of Greek traditions (but still has French croissants for breakfast rather than sesame rings), dislikes the masses of foreigners entering Greece (which does not stop him from befriending and highly respecting individual foreigners) and despises corruption (but gives large "tips" to his physician). His subjective self-deprecating comments contrast well with the objective high work-ethic and even heroism he displays. The modern Athens of rampant air pollution, ugly concrete buildings, constant traffic jams, and hordes of annoying tourists, is the backdrop of the first four novels (the fifth is set in Istanbul).

The first three books of the series have seen U.K. editions in English as well, under the titles (all straightforward translations from the Greek titles): "Late-Night News" ("Deadline in Athens" in the U.S.), "Zone Defence" and "Che Committed Suicide": the next, "Main Shareholder", as of 2012 has not been published yet in English. The fifth novel in the series, not yet scheduled for publication in English, is named "Earlier, Much Earlier", and is placed in Istanbul, in the milieu of the local, indigenous Greek community (the Rum). A sixth novel, entitled "Expiring Loans" (Ληξιπρὀθεσμα Δἀνεια), was published in Greek in late 2010, and has been translated into several languages. This was the first book in the "Crisis Trilogy" (Τριλογἰα της Κρἰσεως), of which the second, "Termination" (Περαἰωση), first came out in 2011; the third, "Bread, Education, Liberty" (Ψωμί, Παιδεία, Ελευθερία) was published in 2012. An epilogue to the series (another full mystery) came out in 2014: "End Titles" (Τίτλοι Τέλους).

In addition to the Inspector Haritos novels, Markaris has written a non-fiction work entitled "Η Αθήνα της Μιας Διαδρομής" (literally "The Athens of a Single Route"). It is a description and recent history of Athens in the environs of the Electric Train (Piraeus to Kifissia - forerunner of the Metro). In the prologue, Markaris says that the book was originally published in German, and he had no intention of publishing it in Greek, feeling that what would interest foreigners would not be of interest to Greeks. However, his publisher convinced him to reconsider, and the book was published in 2013.

In August 2013, Markaris was awarded the prestigious Goethe Medal for his "distinguished contribution to the German language and international cultural relations."

John Bertram Phillips

John Bertram Phillips or J. B. Phillips was an English Bible translator, author and Anglican clergyman. He is most noted for his The New Testament in Modern English.

Phillips was born on September 16, 1906 in Barnes, then in Surrey but now in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames. He was educated at Emanuel School in London and graduated with an Honours Degree in Classics and English from Emmanuel College, Cambridge. After training for ordination at Ridley Hall, Cambridge, he was ordained a clergyman in the Church of England in 1930 (both deacon and priest in the same year).

During World War II, while vicar of the Church of the Good Shepherd in Lee, London (1940-44), he found the young people in his church did not understand the Authorised Version of the Bible. He used the time in the bomb shelters during the London Blitz to begin a translation of the New Testament into modern English, starting with the Epistle to the Colossians. The results appealed to the young people who found it easier to understand. Encouraged by their feedback, after the war Phillips continued to translate the rest of the New Testament into colloquial English.

Portions of the New Testament were published after the war, starting with Letters to Young Churches in 1947, which received C. S. Lewis' backing. In 1952 he added the Gospels. In 1955 he added the Acts of the Apostles and entitled it The Young Church in Action. In 1957 he added the Book of Revelation. The final compilation was published in 1958 as The New Testament in Modern English for which he is now best known. This was revised and republished in 1961 and then again in 1972. Time Magazine wrote of Phillips, "...he can make St. Paul sound as contemporary as the preacher down the street. Seeking to transmit freshness and life across the centuries". In his Preface to the Schools Edition of his 1959 version of the New Testament, Phillips states that he "wrote for the young people who belonged to my youth club, most of them not much above school-leaving age, and I undertook the work simply because I found that the Authorised Version was not intelligible to them".

Phillips also translated parts of the Old Testament. In 1963 he released translations of Isaiah 1-39, Hosea, Amos, and Micah. This was titled Four Prophets: Amos, Hosea, First Isaiah, Micah: A Modern Translation from the Hebrew. After that, he did not translate the Old Testament any further. He talked of the revelation he received as he translated the New Testament, describing it as "extraordinarily alive", unlike any experience he had with non-scriptural ancient texts. He referred to the scriptures speaking to his life in an "uncanny way", similarly to the way the author of Psalm 119 talks.

Phillips often grouped verses of the New Testament together into longer paragraphs cutting across the individual verses of traditional translations.

Phillips died in Swanage in Dorset, England on July 21, 1982.

Louis Raemaekers

Louis Raemaekers was a Dutch painter and editorial cartoonist for the Amsterdam newspaper De Telegraaf during World War I, noted for his anti-German stance.

He was born on April 6, 1869 and grew up in Roermond, Netherlands during a period of political and social unrest in the city, which at that time formed the battleground between Catholic clericalism and liberalism. Louis’ father published a weekly journal called De Volksvriend (Friend of the People) and was an influential man in liberal circles. His battle against the establishment set the tone for his son's standpoint several decades later, when he fought against the occupation of neutral Belgium at the start of the First World War. His mother was of German descent. He was trained – and later working – as a drawing teacher and made landscapes and children's books covers and illustrations in his free time. In 1906 his life took a decisive turn when he accepted the invitation to draw political cartoons for leading Dutch newspapers, first from 1906 to 1909 for the Algemeen Handelsblad and from 1909 onwards for De Telegraaf.

Immediately after the Germans invaded Belgium, Louis Raemaekers became one of their fiercest critics. His message was clear: the Netherlands had to take sides for the Allies and abandon its neutral stance. His graphic cartoons depicted the rule of the German military in Belgium, portrayed the Germans as barbarians and Kaiser Wilhelm II as an ally of Satan. His work was confiscated on several occasions by the Dutch government and he was criticized by many for endangering the Dutch neutrality. The minister of Foreign Affairs John Loudon invited Raemaekers, the owner of De Telegraaf H.M.C. Holdert and the editor-in-chief Kick Schröder under pressure from the German government to a meeting, at which he requested them to avoid ‘anything that tends towards insulting the German Kaiser and the German army’. It was not possible to prosecute Raemaekers for as long as the country was not under martial law. But the pressure on him continued, also from Germany: in September 1915 the rumor even started circulating that the German government had offered a reward of 12,000 guilders for Raemaekers, dead or alive, but proof of an official statement has never been found.

Louis Raemaekers achieved his greatest successes outside his native country. He left for London in November 1915, where his work was exhibited in the Fine Art Society on Bond Street. It was received with much acclaim. Raemaekers became an instant celebrity and his drawings were the talk of the town: ‘they formed the subject of pulpit addresses, and during two months, the galleries where they have been exhibited have been thronged to excess. Practically every cartoon has been purchased at considerable prices.’ He decided to settle in England and his family followed in early 1916. His leaving the Netherlands for London was a godsend for all concerned. Henceforth, the Dutch government could distance itself from the cartoonist and his work in its diplomatic relations, thus stabilising its position vis-à-vis Germany, while Raemaekers himself could cease his hopeless campaign to get the Netherlands to abandon its neutral stance. He may also have realised for himself that his aim of persuading his country to take up arms and thus avoid the fate of Belgium was not very realistic. From early 1915 Raemaekers' cartoons had already appeared in British newspapers and magazines. In early 1916 he signed a contract with the Daily Mail and they appeared in this newspaper on a regular basis for the next two years.

The most important aspect of Raemaekers’ career is undoubtedly his role in Allied war propaganda. Soon after his arrival in London he was contacted by Britain's War Propaganda Bureau Wellington House namely to ensure the mass distribution of his work both in England and elsewhere in support of Allied propaganda. Forty of his most captive cartoons were published in Raemaekers Cartoons, which was immediately translated in eighteen languages and distributed worldwide in neutral countries. This was the beginning of a new phase in his life, one which brought him world renown. Among the Allies and in neutral countries, it was specifically Raemaekers' alleged neutral status that gave him credibility. This was most effusively expressed by his good friend Harry Perry Robinson, a not totally unbiased journalist from The Times in Raemaekers' album The Great War: a Neutral’s Indictment (1916): ‘Raemaekers’ testimony is a testimony of an eye-witness. He saw the pitiable stream of refugees which poured from desolated Belgium across the Dutch frontier; and he heard the tale of the abominations which they had suffered from their own lips. ... His message to the world, therefore, when he began to speak, had all the authority not only of a Neutral who was unbiased, but of a Neutral who knew.’

After the first exhibition in London, many others followed suit, first in the United Kingdom and France, soon afterwards in many countries over the world. Albums, pamphlets, posters, postcards and cigarette cards bearing reproductions of his work soon became also available. His drawings were even recreated as tableaux vivants. The total number of Raemaekers' cartoons distributed in this major propaganda effort increased quickly into the millions.

From the summer of 1916 onwards efforts were made to distribute Raemaekers' work in the most powerful of the neutral countries, the United States. At the request of Wellington House Raemaekers visited the USA in 1917 to draw attention to his work. The United States had declared war on Germany shortly before, and the Allies hoped that his presence would sway public opinion to their cause. His tour was a triumph. Raemaekers gave lectures and interviews, drew caricatures for the movie cameras, was a popular guest at society functions, and met President Woodrow Wilson and former President Theodore Roosevelt. Soon after his arrival he signed – to everyone's surprise – a contract with the International News Service, the syndicate of William Randolph Hearst. The Hearst newspapers were viewed as pro-German and had been cut off from all Allied news sources. But Raemaekers' own theory: "this is the most important target group because the readers are poisoned daily by tendentious articles" proved successful. Statistics show that by October 1917, more than two thousand American newspapers had published Raemaekers’ cartoons in hundreds of millions of copies. The popularisation of his work is regarded as the largest propaganda effort of the First World War.

Following the end of the First World War, Louis Raemaekers settled in Brussels. He was an advocate of the League of Nations and devoted many sketches and articles to the cause of unity in Europe. Meanwhile, he kept a close and suspicious eye on events in Germany. Interest in his work waned in Britain and France, where his war cartoons were still fresh in the public's memory. People had had enough of his depictions of atrocities. A Dutch publisher rejected a collection of his illustrations because ‘the public is rather weary of war topics’. In 1927 he created a comic book about TBC named Gezondheid Is De Grootste Schat. In the thirties, however, people began to think that Raemaekers might be right about Germany. He grew more productive, but the artistic and content-related quality of his work suffered proportionately. He remained loyal to De Telegraaf until well into the thirties, even after the paper's management became pro-German. He took the same stance as during the First World War towards the Hearst Press: these readers were his most important target group.

Raemaekers fled to the United States shortly before the start of the Second World War and remained there until 1946, when he returned to Brussels. He had not been forgotten in the Netherlands, but it was only on his eightieth birthday, in 1949, that his native country gave him the recognition that he had long desired: he was made an honorary citizen of the City of Roermond. After an absence of almost forty years, Raemaekers returned to the Netherlands in 1953.

He died in Scheveningen near The Hague on July 26, 1956.

Leo Bensemann

Leo Vernon Bensemann was a New Zealand artist, printer, typographer, publisher and editor.

Bensemenn was born in Tākaka, New Zealand, on 1 May 1912. He moved to Christchurch in 1931 with his friend Lawrence Baigent. In February 1938, Bensemann and Baigent moved into a flat at 97 Cambridge Terrace where artist Rita Angus was living. On Angus's nomination he joined The Group in 1938. Seven of the nine works he submitted to this exhibition were portraits – including a self-portrait, a portrait of Rita Angus and one of Lawrence Baigent.

In 1937 the Caxton Press printed their first art publication, Bensemann's “Fantastica: Thirteen Drawings”. Bensemann assisted with the printing of the book and this led to his joining Caxton Press in 1938. He stayed with Caxton until 1978.

In the 1985 New Year Honours, Bensemann was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire, for services to art, literature and printing.

Bensemenn died on January 2, 1986.

I.N. McCrary

Isaac Newton “I. N.” McCrary was a businessman, merchant, city councilman, and twenty-fifth mayor of the city of Fort Worth, 

McCrary was born in Calvert, Texas, on May 31, 1886. He was the son of Charles Roach McCrary and Emma A. (Dodson) McCrary. McCrary was the fifth of nine siblings—four girls and five boys. He grew up in Calvert and graduated from Calvert High School.

After graduation he earned an appointment to the U. S. Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, and began classes in 1905. Later that year, McCrary accused an upper class-midshipman from a well-known family of hazing. In March 1906 McCrary was dropped from the Naval Academy but was reinstated later in the year and attended the academy until his resignation in 1908, reportedly because of the death of his father. Other than his time at the Naval Academy, he did not serve in the military.

After his studies at the Naval Academy, McCrary moved back to Texas and lived in Big Spring, where he worked as an investment broker. He married Nell Dixie Connell, the daughter of banker W. E. Connell, on June 17, 1908, in Fort Worth. The couple soon relocated to Fort Worth, where they had two sons—Jack Newton McCrary and Giles Connell McCrary.

After McCrary moved to Fort Worth, he engaged in a variety of business interests. While pursuing these interests and raising his family, he also was involved in many social and religious organizations. He was a member of the Broadway Baptist Church, the Fort Worth Club, the Exchange Club, the Lions Club, the Fort Worth Chamber of Commerce, the Moslah Temple of the Shrine (a Shriner fraternal organization), and the Goodfellows club. He was a noted “sing song” leader which led to his involvement in a series of pop-up concerts with the Texas Christian University Jazz Band in several Fort Worth elementary schools. These concerts, sponsored by the Goodfellows, raised money to pay for the donation of two buffaloes to the Fort Worth Zoo. He also conducted “sing songs” with the Shriners’ band for the local Old Mason’s home. Despite the philanthropic nature of his song leading, McCrary also performed in minstrel shows—popular entertainment that depicted racial stereotypes of African Americans.

McCrary’s business ventures were as varied as his social activities. In 1909 he established the McCrary-McDonald Cypress Company, a wholesale cypress lumber and shingle firm, which he owned in partnership with G. J. McDonald. In 1910 he purchased a half interest in W. M. Hoover Trunk Co. a mercantile company that sold trunks; the business became Hoover-McCrary Trunk Co. By 1918 he had invested in cattle. He sold real estate in Fort Worth and invested in the oil industry by becoming a trustee and president of the Desdemona-Hog Creek Oil Company in 1919. As a well-known businessman in Fort Worth during the World War I, McCreary was a member of a group of speakers called the “Four Minute Men,” who helped sell Liberty Bonds by speaking to patrons at movie theaters during intermissions and between movies.

McCrary’s connections to the movie industry survived the war, and in late 1920 he and a partner leased a building to open a movie theater called the Rialto in downtown Fort Worth. They began renovations in 1921. That same year, McCrary purchased the entire stock of tires and inner-tubes from the bankrupt Southland Tire & Rubber Company and opened McCrary Tire Co. in Fort Worth. He and his father-in-law—W.E. Connell, president of the First National Bank—opened a distributorship for the Corona Tire Company. The company was later called the McCrary Rubber Company. McCrary also owned a mortgage company, the McCrary Mortgage Company, and was an incorporator of the Construction Finance Corporation.

McCrary did not confine his activities to his multiple business ventures and began his involvement in politics in 1920. In the Democratic primary that same year, McCrary, a Democrat, helped organize a train trip from Fort Worth to Waco to attend a rally in favor of Democratic gubernatorial candidate Joseph Weldon Bailey. He was a public supporter of Democrat W. D. “Bill” Davis for Fort Worth mayor in 1921. The next year, McCrary considered running for State Representative Place No. 3 in the Democratic primary but, withdrew his candidacy before the primary election. He served as a member and foreman of the Tarrant County grand jury and as secretary of the City-County Hospital Board.

McCrary’s flirtation with politics led to his appointment to fill the vacancy of Place No. 3 on the Fort Worth city council in December 1938. The vacancy was caused by the resignation of Ward B. Powell, who gained the seat through a recall effort and later resigned because of poor health. In the April 5, 1939, city-wide general elections, McCrary was re-elected to the council and defeated Jack Carter by a margin of 7,852 to 3,342.

In July 1940 the city council elected McCrary mayor of Fort Worth after the resignation of Mayor T. J. Harrell. McCrary’s election resulted from several councilmen changing their votes after their preferred candidates did not achieve a majority. In the April 8, 1941, city-wide general election, eight of the nine city councilmen, including McCrary, were re-elected without opposition. The council re-elected McCrary as mayor.

As mayor, McCrary testified before U. S. Congress about the benefits of proposed improvements to the Trinity River, namely, dredging from the Gulf of Mexico to Fort Worth, which would essentially make the river basin a canal. He also lobbied for the construction of an airport midway between Dallas and Fort Worth. In 1943, at the urging of Amon G. Carter, Sr., McCrary joined the Fort Worth Chapter of the National Aeronautical Association to promote the aeronautical industry in the city. That same year, he petitioned the U. S. Secretary of Commerce to decide the issue of which direction the terminal of the proposed Midway Airport would face. The new airport, sponsored by the city of Arlington, was a point of contention between Fort Worth and Dallas. Dallas wanted the administration building and terminal on the north side of the airfield while Fort Worth wanted it on the west side. The representatives of the city of Dallas threatened to pull out of the airport project altogether if the terminal was not placed where they wanted it. The Civil Aeronautics Administration put the decision on hold until after the war.

In the first city-wide election of the World War II in April 1943, McCrary ran unopposed and won reelection. He received 716 votes out of 724 ballots cast. The council re-elected McCrary as mayor. In the 1945 city-wide general election, the Tarrant County Taxpayers League planned to run a slate of candidates. Ultimately, Defrank Howell ran against McCrary under the banner of the Citizens’ Committee, an organization made up of five local groups, including the Taxpayers League and a newly-formed Tarrant County Democratic Party. The incumbents on the city council were all re-elected, with McCrary defeating Howell 6,564 to 4,519. Despite his victory for the council seat, McCrary did not continue as mayor. He reportedly suggested a change in executive leadership before the election, and the council unanimously elected Roscoe L. Carnrike. After McCrary’s retirement as mayor, the city council honored him with a resolution lauding his service to the city. In the 1947 municipal elections, he was challenged for Place No. 3 by Jack Cobb, an independent. McCrary handily defeated Cobb by a vote of 2,536 to 1,437.

The 1947 municipal elections proved to be McCrary’s last. On December 18, 1948, he suffered a heart attack at his home in Fort Worth. Long-term high blood pressure and diabetes contributed to his illness. After spending almost two weeks at All Saints Hospital in Fort Worth, he died on January 1, 1949. He was buried in Greenwood Cemetery in Fort Worth.

Julius Kaupas

Julius Viktoras Kaupas was a Lithuanian doctor, writer, pioneer of the urban fairy tale in Lithuanian literature, essayist, literary critic.

Kaupas was born on March 6, 1920, in Kaunas from 1929 – 1938 he studied at Kaunas Jesuit High School, in 1939 he graduated from the Kaunas Military School. He visited literary evenings, where he met the poet Henrika Nagis. In 1944 he graduated in medicine from Vytautas the Great University. He published his first works in 1943-1944 in the magazine "Žiburėlis".

In 1944 he moved to the West and in 1946 Studied pharmacology at the University of Tübingen, Doctor of Medicine. From1947 - 1949 He studied philosophy and literature at the University of Friborg, attended the School of Arts and Crafts led by VK Jonyns . He edited the academic youth magazine "Šviesa", actively collaborated in the magazines "Aidai" and "Literatūros lankai", wrote literary criticism articles, edited books. In 1948 his first book "Doctor Kripštukas in Hell" was published  and in 1950 he moved to the USA, working as a psychiatrist at Alton Hospital.

He wrote neo-romantic fairy tales, in which the tradition of European (Hans Christian Andersen, Ernst Teodor Amadeus Hoffman, Oskar Wild) fairy tales is prominent. The main principle of creating fairy tales is the combination of fantasy and reality. Magical events take place in Kaunas, depicted with realistic details.

In the short stories (the collection "In the light of sunflowers", unpublished) the background and realities of history are abandoned, the human existence is at the center of them, full of painful experiences, tragic feelings, characterized by psychological insight. The characters are dreamers, eccentrics prone to melancholy.

In his critical articles, he supported the openness of Lithuanian literature to modernist tendencies, he was one of the first to use the categories of Sigmund Freud and Carl Gustav Jung, and in the article "The Interpretation of Nine Brothers" he applied a psychoanalytical method to the analysis of the fairy tale. Novels published in English.

Kaupas died on March 1, 1964, and was buried in Detroit.